The Soviet NKVD and Gangstalking

REPOST: I have found it necessary and appropriate to upload this stunning article from sciencespo.fr concerning the Soviet NKVD's 1937-38 'Great Terror' mechanism which was imposed by Joseph Stalin himself. The similarities between the Great Terror's espionage, accusation, and arrest procedure, which led to the systematic murder of 750,000 "enemies of the people" and the gangstalking targeting and subversion mechanism to be striking. Both prorocols involve selecting their targets based on their tendency to be independent, self-reliant, and dissident. Thanks for tuning in. -Emmanuel Isaiah Smith THE NKVD MASS SECRET NATIONAL OPERATIONS (AUGUST 1937 - NOVEMBER 1938) Russian Federation Soviet Union Date: 20 May, 2010 Auteur: Werth Nicolas 1. Context In 1992, the discovery in the Soviet archives of the NKVD's secret operational orders has drastically changed our perception of Stalin's Great Terror. These documents disclosed the mechanisms of the hitherto hidden side of the Great Terror – that of the mass secret repressive operations (as opposed to the "public side" – that of the "show trials" and the purges of the political, economic and military elites). These secret operations were a form of social engineering intended to rid the country "once and for all of the entire gang of anti-Soviet elements who undermine the foundations of the Soviet State" (in the words of Nikolai Ezhov, the Head of the NKVD, in the preamble of Order n° 00447). Two main groups of "enemies" were targeted: The Kulak Operation, launched by the NKVD Operational Order n° 00447 dated July 30, 1937, targeted a wide category of previously identified "social outcasts": the innumerable cohort of "formers", directly and purposefully marginalized in the 1930s ("former kulaks", "former members of anti-Soviet parties", "former White officers", "former tsarist civil servants" and "church officials"), but also various kinds of "socially harmful elements" (such as "recidivist criminals", "bandits", "hooligans", "speculators", "persons with no definite place of work or having ties with the criminal world", etc). The "National Operations" targeted a number of diaspora minorities, suspected of being "a hotbed of spies and wreckers". On July 25, 1937, Nikolai Ezhov sent to all regional NKVD headquarters Order n° 00439 prescribing the immediate arrest of all German citizens employed (or having been employed) in defense factories, on the railroads and in "other sectors of the national economy". But "Germans" were not the main target: Order n° 00449 prescribed the arrest of all Soviet citizens "having, or having had, ties", in one way or another, with "German spies, wreckers and terrorists". This, of course, considerably widened the scope of the operation, since no more than 4,000 German citizens were registered in the Soviet Union in 1937 (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999). Two weeks later, on August 11, 1937, following a Politburo top-secret resolution taken two days earlier, Nikolai Ezhov issued another secret directive, Order n° 00485, aimed at "the complete liquidation of local branches of the Polish Military Organization (POW) and its networks of spies, wreckers and terrorists in industry, transport and agriculture". Order n° 00485 identified targets for arrest: all Polish political émigrés and refugees, as well as "the most active part of local anti-Soviet nationalist elements from the Polish national districts". A month later, this category was extended to all "Soviet citizens of Polish nationality with ties to Polish consulates", a category that could easily embrace any Soviet Pole. Order n° 00485 served as a model for a series of similar NKVD secret decrees targeting a number of the Soviet Union's diaspora nationalities: the Finnish, Latvian, Estonian, Rumanian, Greek, and Chinese. The NKVD referred to these decrees collectively as "the National Operations" directed against "nationalities of foreign governments". Concerning diaspora minorities, the vast majority of whom were Soviet citizens and whose ancestors had resided for decades and sometimes centuries in the Soviet Union and Russian Empire, "this designation absolutized their cross-border ethnicities as the only salient aspect of their identity, sufficient proof of their disloyalty and sufficient justification for their arrest and execution" (Martin, 2001: 338). Oleg Khlevniuk has convinsingly shown, on the basis of Stalin's correspondence with Soviet diplomats and NKVD officials in Spain in the months preceding the Great Terror, that the launching of the National Operations was related to Stalin's reading of rearguard uprisings against the Republican regime in Spain in the course of the Spanish Civil War. Stalin was convinced that hostile capitalist powers such as Germany, Poland, Japan, Finland, Romania and the Baltic States would organize, in the ever more probable event of war with the Soviet Union, the same kind of rearguard uprisings, resorting to anyone who had some sort of connection with foreign countries, in order to form a "fifth column of diversionists and wreckers" (Khlevniuk, 2000). ++++ As a matter of fact, diaspora nationalities with cross-border ethnic ties to a foreign Nation-State had been considered as potentially disloyal for several years. In early 1935, the Soviet regime launched a number of deportations aimed at "cleansing" the most strategic border regions (the region of Leningrad and the Soviet-Polish border) of their "ethnically suspect elements". Over 8000 families of Polish and German origin were deported in February-March 1935 from the border districts of Kiev and Vinnitsa provinces to eastern Ukraine; at the same time, 12,000 Finns, Estonians and Latvians were deported from the border districts of Leningrad province to Siberia and Central Asia. The cleansing operations in border areas were continued and expanded in 1936, encompassing 20,000 families from the Leningrad region and Western Ukraine. In these operations which were still limited and selective, the ethnic criterion was "blended" with class considerations. Ethnicity was not the only element at stake in the deportations of 1935-1936 and in the murderous outburst of the National Operations of 1937-1938. "Soviet xenophobia" (Martin, 2001: 342) was an ideological rather than an ethnic concept. A good illustration of this is provided by one specific National Operation, initiated by NKVD Order n° 00593 on September 20, 1937, which targeted the so-called "Kharbintsy". These were former personnel (engineers, employees, railway workers) of the Chinese-Manchurian railway whose headquarters were based in Kharbin, in Manchuria. After the sale, by the Soviet government, of this railway to Japan in 1935, many returned to the Soviet Union. For Stalin and his team, although most of the Kharbintsy were ethnic Russians, their cross-border ties to the Kharbintsy remaining in China turned them into the functional equivalent of a diaspora nationality. And so, despite their "Russianness", they too became an "enemy group" targeted as part of the National Operations during the Great Terror (Martin, 2001: 343). The National Operations were not a minor part of the Great Terror. According to centralized NKVD statistics, from July 1937 to November 1938, 335,513 persons were sentenced by extrajudicial organs in the course of the implementation of the National Operations (while over 800,000 persons were convicted in the so-called Kulak Operation carried out under Order n° 00447). Among them, 247,157 (or 73.6%) were shot – a proportion considerably higher than in the Kulak Operation, in the process of which 49.3% were sentenced "in the first category" (death sentence) (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999). ++++ 2. DECISION-MAKERS, ORGANIZERS AND ACTORS Although Nikolai Ezhov signed all the secret NKVD Operational Orders related to the National Operations, its instigator was Stalin himself. Five days before the issuing of Order n° 00439 (which launched the German Operation), Stalin scribbled, during the Politburo meeting of July 20, 1937, a short note: "ALL Germans working on our military, semimilitary and chemical factories, on electric stations and building sites, in ALL regions are ALL to be arrested" (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999). As his correspondence with Ezhov clearly shows, Stalin closely monitored the implementation of the National Operations. On Ezhov’s first report on the progress of the Polish Operation (23,000 arrests in four weeks) Stalin wrote: "Cam. Ezhov. This is excellent! Continue to dig, cleanse, eradicate all this polish dirt ! Liquidate all this dirt in the name of the interests of the USSR. J.Stalin, 14.X.37". In their organization and implementation, National Operations had several specific characteristics with regard to the Kulak Operation". Order n° 00485 (as well as all the other secret directives concerning National Operations) did not fix any quotas of people to sentence in the first category (death) or second category (10 years imprisonement), but indicated several categories of people to arrest. In the case of the Polish Operation, for example, these were: - all Polish ex-prisonners of war, who had remained in the USSR - all Polish refugees settled in the USSR - all Polish political exiles - all ex-members of the Polish Socialist Party and of other polish political parties - all "antisoviet and nationalistic elements" from districts and regions of the USSR where a Polish community existed. - all Soviet citizens having had some sort of contact with Polish diplomatic, consular, military, commercial or economic representatives in the USSR. In the case of the German Operation, the targeted categories were much the same: German ex-prisonners of war, who had remained in the USSR; German political exiles and refugees from Germany, especially workers and engineers who had come from Germany in the 1920s and at the beginning of the 1930s and who had taken Soviet citizenship; "anti-soviet and nationalistic elements" from districts and regions of the USSR where a German community existed. To these "standard categories", local officials of the NKVD were encouraged to add "specific groups" – which they did. In Kharkov, for example, L. Reikhman, the newly-appointed Head of the NKVD, ordered the following "additional" categories of people to be arrested, in the process of the Polish Operation: - all ex-agents of the NKVD "Foreign Department" having been in charge of "Polish affairs" - all informants of the NKVD "specialized in Polish affairs" - all "clerical elements" having, or having had, some kind of connection with Poland - all Soviet citizens having "family or other suspect ties" in Poland. In Gorki, the local Head of the NKVD decided to add to the "standard categories" of the German Operation, which were "too thin" in the area within his juridiction, another group consisting of "ex-prisoners of World War I having been in captivity in Germany, recruited by German secret services to organize terrorist and spying activities" (441 persons were arrested in this category under Order n° 00439 in Gorky region). In Sverdlovsk, the NKVD Chief D. Dmitriev decided, for lack of "proper suspects" for the German Operation, to arrest thousands of Ukrainian and Russian deportees. Thus, the Sverdlovsk region could boast an excellent score – 4,379 individuals arrested in operations implementing Order n° 00439, or 8% of the overall figure of the German Operation (but out of these 4,379, only 122 were of German origin!). As the fate of the arrested depended entirely on the zeal of local NKVD bosses, the chance of being caught and the probability of being sentenced "in the first category" (death penalty) varied considerably: in Armenia, 31% of those trapped in National Operations were shot; in the Vologda region, 46%; in Bielorussia, 88%; Krasnodar territory, Novossibirsk and Orenbourg regions had the highest rate of "first category" victims: respectively 94%, 94.8% and 96.4%! The cases of people arrested under one of these National Operations was swiftly examined by the regional dvoïka (a two-man commission comprising the NKVD chief and the procurator), who decided what punishment should be applied to the accused: the first category (death sentence) or the second category (10 years in camp). The verdict was to be confirmed by Moscow, that is by Ezhov or Vychinski (the General Procurator of the USSR). Each case examined by the local dvoïka was summed up in a few lines giving a minimal information on the identity of the accused, their alleged crime, and the proposed punishment. These short abstracts were copied in a special album. When the album was full, it was sent "for approval" to Moscow, with a special NKVD messenger. Of course, neither Ezhov nor Vychinski had time to countersign every record, since each album contained several hundred cases. The records were countersigned (and the verdict of the dvoïka thus confirmed) by NKVD high-ranking officials, who glanced through the album, ratifying the sentence in 99% of the cases. Ezhov or Vychinski signed only the final page of the album. In spite of this swift procedure, albums got stuck in Moscow: in July 1938, over a hundred thousand cases (several hundred albums) piled up in the headquarters of the NKVD. Meanwhile, prisons all over the country were overcrowded with people waiting for their sentence to be confirmed. In order to put an end to this situation, the Politburo decided, on September 15, 1938, to abolish the "album procedure" (as it was called in NKVD circles) and to set up, in every region, territory and republic, "special troïki", whose decisions, as those of the extra-judicial organs implementing Order n° 00447, would not require confirmation by central authorities. These special troïki were to complete the examination of all cases related to the different National Operations before November 15. During these two months, over 105,000 people were sentenced. Special National Operations were stopped on November 17, 1938, after the Politburo issued a top-secret decision abolishing all troïki and dvoïki, and sharply criticizing "major deficiencies and distortions" in the work of the NKVD (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999; Petrov &Roginskii, 2003). ++++ 3. VICTIMS According to the State Security central authorities’ accountancy, over 335,000 persons were sentenced in the course of the National Operations. The largest contingent (140,000) was trapped in the Polish Operation. Out of this number, 111,000 (or 79%) were executed. Some 55,000 were sentenced under Order n° 00439 (the German Operation), 76% of whom (or 42,000 persons) were executed. In the course of the Kharbin Operation, 33,000 persons were sentenced, of whom 65% (21,200) were executed. The Latvian Operation ended in 22,000 sentences (75% – or 16,500 – in the first category). For the Greek, Romanian, Finnish and Estonian "mass operations", statistics run until mid-September 1938. At that time, the number of people sentenced in each of the four mass operations was respectively: 11,260 (9,450 sentenced to death); 6,300 (4,020 sentenced to death); 7,023 (5,724 sentenced to death); 5,680 (4,672 sentenced to death). Unfortunately, we do not know exactly how many members of the diaspora nationalities were arrested, sentenced and executed, since not everyone arrested in the Polish Operation, for example, was a Pole or a Soviet citizen of Polish origin, nor were all arrested Poles or Soviet citizens of Polish origin included in the Polish Operation. For instance, through September 1938 in Belorussia, Soviet citizens of Polish origin made up only 43% of those arrested in the Polish Operation, whereas Soviet citizens of German origin made up 76% of the German Operation, and Soviet citizens of Latvian origin 75% of the Latvian Operation. In Moscow, through July 1938, Soviet citizens of Polish origin made up 57% of those arrested in the Polish Operation (Martin, 2001: 339). For the Polish and the German Operations, NKVD central statistics, discovered by N. Okhotin, A. Roginski and N. Petrov, give information on the number of people arrested and sentenced in the different regions of the USSR. Not surprisingly, the largest group (40% of all people arrested in the process of the Polish Operation; 39% of all people arrested in the process of the German Operation) came from the Ukraine, and in particular from its western border districts, where there lived a large Polish community and a smaller German one. Tens of thousands of peasants, industry and railway workers, employees and engineers were arrested for no reason other than that they lived and worked "too close to the enemy". For the same reason, Bielorussian provinces accounted for 17% of the arrested under Order n° 00485. Surprisingly, at first sight, Western Siberia, Southern Urals, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Far-East showed high numbers of arrests: in these unruly regions, with large numbers of deportees and social outcasts, high quotas of "anti-Soviet" and "socially harmful elements" to "repress", local NKVD officials tended to fill in "national lines" (another piece of police jargon) with their usual victims, who had little in common with those targeted by Orders 00439, 00485 or 00593 (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999; Petrov & Roginskii, 2003). A remarkable feature of the National Operations should be underlined: until May 1938, the NKVD leadership did not seem concerned by the ethnic origin of those arrested; information concerning their nationality and ethnic origin was systematically collected only after September 1938, when "special troïki" were set up to "finish off" the National Operations. Thus, we know that among the 36,768 individuals sentenced under Order n° 0048" (Polish Operation) by the "special troïki" between September and November 1938, Poles and soviet citizens of Polish origin represented 55% of the total, Bielorussians 15%, Ukrainians 13%, Russians 9% and Jews 4%. According to N. Okhotin and A. Roginski, Poles and Soviet citizens of Polish origin represented about 70% of the 140,000 persons sentenced under Order n° 00485 (that is 98,000 persons). Altogether, during the Great Terror, approximately 120,000 Poles and Soviet citizens of Polish origin were arrested and sentenced. With one-fifth of its total group repressed, Soviet citizens of Polish origin paid the heaviest toll of all ethnic minorities forming the "Great Soviet family". Soviet citizens of German origin represented 69% of the 55,000 persons sentenced under Order n° 00439 (that is 38,000 people). Altogether, during the Great Terror, approximately 72,000 Soviet citizens of German origin were arrested and sentenced – that is 5% of the Soviet Germans. A remarkable feature should be stressed at this point: relatively few Soviet Germans living in the Autonomous Republic of the Volga Germans (by far the largest community of soviet citizens of German origin) were arrested in the course of the German Operation. In 1937-1938, Soviet citizens of German origin living in the Autonomous Soviet Republic of the Volga Germans seem to have been considered as "better integrated" in the Soviet system than individuals of German origin scattered in "sensitive" border areas or in industrial towns (German, 1996). Ethnicity as such was not the prime criteria, as it would be two or three years later, when entire ethnic groups would be deported (among them, all Soviet Germans). ++++ 4. WITNESSES The main characteristic of the mass operations was their absolute secrecy: no more than a hundred high party and NKVD officials received a copy of the NKVD secret operational orders; all the other executants were given oral instructions on how to proceed with the operation. The dvoiki and troiki sat behind closed doors, in the absence of the accused and without any defender. The obsession with secrecy went so far as not to inform the condemned person - nor his relatives - of the death sentence passed on him. The instructions issued on August 14, 1937 to the NKVD regional chiefs, emphasized the need "to ensure that there is absolute secrecy concerning time, place and method of execution. Immediately on receipt of this order you are to present a list of NKVD staff permitted to participate in executions. Red Army soldiers or ordinary policemen are not to be employed. All persons involved in the work of transporting the bodies and excavating or filling in the pits have to sign a document certifying that they are sworn to secrecy" (McLoughlin, 2003). Nevertheless, some NKVD chiefs not only infringed these regulations, but invited colleagues to attend the "wedding" – a coded expression, in NKVD circles, to designate executions. Except for those who were forced to testify during the limited purges of the NKVD apparatus after the end of the Great Terror (it goes without saying that these testimonies should be subjected to strong historical criticism), very few witnesses, such as people living in the neighborhood of the NKVD "shooting ranges" for example, left testimonies on this secret mass crime. 5. MEMORIES The mass operations of 1937-1938 remained secret for over half a century, until the beginning of the 1990s. Two and a half years after the end of the Great Terror, Soviet society was confronted with the Nazi invasion. The murderous cataclysm of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) in the course of which over 20 million Soviet citizens were killed and the collective sufferings of a whole nation at war deeply buried the secret, unspeakable and thus strictly individual memory of the arrest and disapearance of beloved and relatives during the Great Terror. Only a handful of prisoners, sentenced in 1937-1938 to a ten-year sentence were released in 1947-1948. Most of those who had survived the terrible war years in the Gulag (the mortality rates were as high as 20% in 1942 and 1943) were given a second ten-year term. Only after the death of Stalin did hope return for the relatives of the repressed. In 1954-1956, special commissions were set up in order to "review the cases of individuals condemned for counter-revolutionary crimes and serving their sentence in camps or labour settlements". Approximately 450,000 political prisoners were released, but no more than 4% of them were duly rehabilitated. Among those released, how many were survivors of the 1937-1938 Great Terror"? Less than 100,000 out of the 750,000 ascribed to the "second category". The return of the survivors brought about a stream of letters sent to the Procuracy or the KGB (State Security) by relatives of those who had vanished since 1937-1938. The question of what they should be answered was discussed at the highest level of the Party and the State Security. On August 24, 1955, Ivan Serov, the newly appointed Chief of the KGB, directed, in a secret instruction to the State Security staff, "not to inform the relatives of persons sentenced to the death penalty of the sentence (…) and tell them that the condemned was sentenced to a ten-year term in camp and had died at a date which will be arbitrarily fixed in the lapse of time between 1937-1938 and 1947-1948" (Artizov et al., 2000). The Procuracy and the KGB slowed down all the demands of revision. Less than 8% of the demands were examined in 1957; 6% in 1958 and under 5% during the following years. The few rehabilitated persons – approximately five to ten thousand per year in the late 1950s and early 1960s – received neither moral, nor material compensation for all the time they had spent in camps (except a two-month wage calculated on the basis of their last salary before arrest, the latter being assimilated to a "breach of work contract"). Not a single NKVD torturer who had extracted false confessions from the victims was handed over to justice. After Khruschev’s fall, in October 1964, the rehabilitation process came to a complete stop for nearly twenty years. The memory of the Great Terror survived only in the private sphere. Only with the perestroika launched by Mikhail Gorbatchev in 1986 did the tragic events of 1937-1938 begin to re-emerge in the public sphere. In september 1987, Mikhail Gorbatchev set up a special commission in charge of inquiring into the "mass crimes committed by the Stalinist regime" (Artizov et al., 2003). Considering the growing flood of rehabilitation demands which threatened to engulf the whole judicial apparatus (since the beginning of the perestroika, over 100,000 demands of rehabilitation had arrived at the Procuracy), the commission proposed, in September 1988, a general rehabilitation of every Soviet citizen who had been condemned by the infamous troїki, dvoїki or by any other extra-judicial authority appointed by Stalin and his team. On January 16, 1989, a law abolished all the sentences delivered by special juridictions under the Stalinist regime. However, the archives related to the political mechanisms of the repression remained closed for historians and members of civic rights associations, such as Memorial. Only after the fall of the Soviet regime, in December 1991, were they allowed to conduct archival research on the mass repressive campaigns of the Staline era and on the Great Terror in particular. Thus, a team of historians from Memorial discovered, in June 1992, the secret Stalin instructions on the launching of the mass operations and the NKVD operational orders of 1937-1938. The testimony of a NKVD official put these historians on the track of the Butovo "shooting range". Excavations carried out in 1997 established, sixty years after the Great Terror, that it was a place of mass burials, and probably of mass executions, too (although medical experts were uncertain whether "the corpses were thrown into the graves immediately after their death, or from eight to ten hours after") (Golovkova, 1999). At the same time, Memorial historians and activists decided to start a meticulous process of establishing, in local and central State Security archives, an exhaustive list of the victims of the Stalinist repressions, and of the Great Terror of 1937-1938. Since the mid-1990s, several hundred "memorial books" (knigi pamiati) have been published. These books list standard biographic data concerning the victims (birth date and place, profession, nationality, place of residence). They often also provide information concerning social origin, education, Party membership, previous convictions as well as the date of arrest, sentencing (including the article of the criminal code, the sentence itself and the sentencing body) and execution. A drawback of these books is that they almost never include those convicted as ordinary criminals (which they were not). Many of the memorial books also include extensive valuable documentary materials from local and central KGB archives, as well as autobiographical memoirs from survivors. A complete collection of these memorial books can be found in the library of the Moscow branch of Memorial (the website www.memo.ru has an extensive list of these knigi pamiati). ++++ 6. GENERAL AND LEGAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE FACTS Long before the opening of the Soviet archives, the Great Terror had provoked a number of debates about the amplitude, the mechanisms, the reasons and the purpose of these mass purges. In the 1950s American scholars proposed a structural explanation of the Great Terror: as a totalitarian system Stalin’s regime had to maintain its citizens in a state of fear and uncertainty, and recurrent random purging provided the mechanism (Brzezinski, 1958). At the end of the 1960s, Robert Conquest published the first detailed account, which was to become a classic reference, on the Great Terror (Conquest, 1968). This work emphasized Stalin’s paranoia, focused on the Moscow show trial of “Old Bolsheviks”, and analyzed the carefully planned and systematic destruction of the Leninist party leadership as the first step toward terrorizing the entire population. In the mid 1980s, John Arch Getty, an american historian of the revisionist school contested Conquest’s interpretation, arguing that the exceptional scale of the purges was the result of strong tensions between Stalin and regional Party bosses who, in order to deflect the terror that was being directed at them, had found innumerable scapegoats on which to carry out repressions, demonstrating in this way their vigilance and intransigence in the struggle against the common enemy. Thus, far from being a planned and long-term project revealing the growing paranoia of an all-mighty dictator, the Great Terror turned out to be a “flight into chaos” (Getty, 1985). In spite of their fundamentally different approach, historians of both schools focused on party purges, repression of real or imagined “oppositionists”, show trials of party leaders, elimination and replacement of political, intellectual, economic or military elites, and struggle between the center and regional party cliques. Neither of them studied, mainly because of the scarcity of information on the subject, the mechanisms, organization, implementation of mass arrests and mass executions, or the sociology of the victims, who represented a much wider group than party elites or intelligentsia. Thus, the Great Terror of 1937-1938 in the Soviet Union solidified in popular and academic memory as Stalin’s attack on political and social elites, as the “Great Purges”. This has been fundamentally challenged since the opening of the soviet archives, the discovery of the NKVD operational orders and other top-secret Politburo documents. Scholars now insist on the hidden side of the Great Terror, interpreting it as a crucial moment – or rather the culmination – of a vast social engineering campaign started at the beginning of the 1930s (Hagenloh, 2000; Shearer, 2003; Werth, 2003). In the light of recent research, the qualification of “Great Purges” seems incorrect to characterize this murderous outburst of violence. The extreme diversity of the victims makes difficult any legal qualification of this crime, which appears to be in a class of its own: 800,000 people executed in secret (over half of them under Order n° 00447) by means of a bullet in the back of the head after a pretence of justice; this over a period of sixteen months, at a rate of 50,000 executions per month or 1,700 per day for nearly 500 days. Let us therefore content ourselves with a “minimalist” classification: the Great Terror was one of the worst and largest mass crimes carried out by the Stalinist State against one per cent of its adult population. ++++ 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY A - Books ARTIZOV, Andrei, SIGACHEV, Iouri, et al. (eds.), 2000, Reabilitatsia: kak eto bylo. Dokumenty Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, mart 1953-fevral’ 1956 (Rehabilitation: as it happened. Documents of the Praesidium of the CC of the CPSU, March 1953 – February 1956), Moscow: Mejdunarodnyi Fond Demokratia. ARTIZOV, Andrei, SIGATCHEV, Iouri, et al. (eds.), 2003, Reabilitatsia: kak eto bylo. Dokumenty Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, fevral’ 1956- nacalo 1980-x godov (Rehabilitation: as it happened. Documents of the Praesidium of the CC of the CPSU, February1956 – beginning of the 1980’s), Moscow: Mejdunarodnyi Fond Demokratia. BELKOVETS, Lidia, 1995, Bolshoi Terror i sud’by nemetskoi derevni v Sibiri (The Great Terror and the Fate of German Settlements in Siberia), Moscow: Zvenia. BRZEZINSKI, Zbigniew, 1958, The Permanent Purge, Cambridge (Mass): Cambridge University Press. CONQUEST, Robert, 1968, The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties, New York: MacMillan DANILOV, Viktor Petrovitch, MANNING, Roberta, VIOLA, Lynne (eds.), 2001, Tragedia sovetskoi derevni. Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomax, 1927-1939 (The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside: Documents in 5 volumes, 1927-1939), vol.3, Moscow: ROSSPEN. DANILOV, Viktor Petrovitch, MANNING, Roberta, VIOLA, Lynne (eds.), 2006, Tragedia sovetskoi derevni. Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomax, 1927-1939 (The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside: Documents in 5 volumes, 1927-1939), vol.5, 1/2, Moscow: ROSSPEN. GERMAN, Andrei, 1996, Istoria Respubliki Nemtsev Povoljia (History of the Volga German Republic), Moscow: Zvenia. GETTY, John Arch, 1985, Origins of the Great Purges: the Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. GOLOVKOVA, Lidia (ed.), 1997-2004, Butovskii Poligon. 1937-1938: Kniga pamiati jertv politiceskix repressij (Butovo’s Shooting Range, 1937-1938: Book of memory of the victims of political repression), vol.1-8, Moscow: Alzo. JANSEN, Marc and PETROV, Nikita, 2002, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. KHANEVITCH, Viktor, 1998, Iz istorii zemli tomskoi: 1937 Sibirskii Belostok (From the History of Tomsk Region: The Siberian Belostok), Tomsk: Zvenia. KUROMIYA, Hiroaki, 2007, The Voices of the Dead: Stalin’s Great Terror in the 1930’s, New Haven, London: Yale University Press. MCLOUGHLIN, Barry and MCDERMOTT, kevin (eds.), 2003, Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. MARTIN, Terry, 2001, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press. VATLIN, Aleksandr, 2004, Terror rajonnogo maschtaba: ‘massovye operatsii’ NKVD v Kuntsevskom rajone Moskovskoj oblasti 1937-1938 (The Terror on a District Level: ‘mass operations’ of the NKVD in the district of Kuntsevo of the Moscow region in 1937-1938), Moscow: ROSSPEN. WERTH, Nicolas, 2007, La terreur et le désarroi. Staline et son système, Paris: Perrin. WERTH, Nicolas, 2009, L’ivrogne et la marchande de fleurs. Autopsie d’un meurtre de masse, 1937-1938, Paris: Tallandier. B - Articles HAGENLOH, Paul, «Socially Harmful Elements and the Great Terror», in FITZPATRICK, Sheila (ed.), 2000, Stalinism: New Directions , London & New York: Routledge, pp. 286-307. KHLEVNIUK, Oleg, «The Reasons for the Great Terror: the Foreign-Political Aspect», in PONS, Silvio, and ROMANO, Andrea (eds.), 2000, Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914-1945 , Roma: Annali, pp. 159-173. MARTIN, Terry, 1998, «The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing», Journal of Modern History , 70: 4, pp. 813-861. OKHOTIN, Nikita, and ROGINSKII, Arsenii, «Iz istorii ‘nemetskoi operatsii’ NKVD 1937-1938» (History of the ‘German Operation’ of the NKVD, 1937-1938), in SCHERBAKOVA, Irina (ed.), 1999, Nakazannyi Narod (The Punished People), Moscow: Zvenia, pp. 35-74. PETROV, Nikita, and ROGINSKII, Arsenii, «The ‘Polish Operation’ of the NKVD, 1937-1938», in MCLOUGHLIN, Barry, MCDERMOTT, Kevin (eds.), 2003, Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 153-172. SHEARER, David, «Social Disorder, Mass Repression and the NKVD During the 1930’s», in MCLOUGHLIN, Barry, and MCDERMOTT, Kevin (eds.), 2003, Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 85-117. WERTH, Nicolas, «The Mechanism of a Mass Crime: The Great Terror in the Soviet Union, 1937-1938», in GELLATELY, Robert, and KIERNAN, Ben (eds.), 2003, The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective , Cambridge (Mass): Cambridge University Press, pp. 215-241. WERTH, Nicolas, 2006, «Les ‘opérations de masse’ de la ‘Grande Terreur’ en URSS, 1937-1938», Bulletin de l’IHTP , 86: 6-167. C - Website Website of the Memorial Society: https://www.memo.ru/en-us/ Cite this item Werth Nicolas, The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938), Mass Violence & Résistance, [online], published on: 20 May, 2010, accessed 17/05/2021, http://bo-k2s.sciences-po.fr/.../nkvd-mass-secret..., ISSN 1961-9898

Gangstalking: United States of America's National Security Debacle and Crime Against Humanity

—————The United States Federal Government, besides the legislative incompetence it has shown in legalizing gangstalking, the national security debacle and crime against humanity, has legalized terrorism, biological warfare, germ warfare, intentional disease spreading, and food contamination as well. Federally guided Gangstalkers, that is to say unpaid patrolmen and patrolwomen who take signals, cues, vehicular signals, and physical cues from other gangstalkers, namely to locate and confront targeted individuals, are used endlessly by federally authorized liaisons to prosecute thuggish and unconstitutional attack protocols against unsuspecting citizens; all of which is done in the name of “national security.” The United States Federal Government (it’s representatives) has engaged in every crime imaginable; from assassinations and cover-ups, to illegal wars and massacres, to taxpayer money misappropriation and perjury. The gangstalking mechanism, which is the federally funded enlistment of rowdy, belligerent, incoherent thug mob militias, is a manifestation of the congressional catastrophe that is the federal, state, and local legislature construct in America. The United States Federal Government is a cheap, illiterate, violent, pandering, and cowardly construct that adheres to no constitutional precepts and no governing philosophy. It is simply a tax-and-spend monstrosity that donates $2T in taxpayer dollars per year (more than every other country in the world combined) on useless, stupid, and time-wasting military expenditures which always trickle down in substance (not always execution) to the law enforcement mechanism and the covert, clandestine, and behind-the-scenes, federal law enforcement mechanism, which has been combined with Department of Defense military stratagem and fusion center all-in-one terrorism and/or fugitive task force operations, to form an omnipresent ever-ready location, surveillance, tracking, apprehension, and disruption mechanism, which is aimed at private citizens that are not under investigation for any crime. These costly, cowardly, and inept mechanisms result in the hidden apprehension of targeted persons, many of which never see the federally authorized thug mobilization tactics that are used against them until the gangstalker approaches them suddenly. This stupid congressional blunder makes the world more dangerous and threatens the credibility of the United States. The United States of America is not a democracy. The United States of America is not a constitutional republic. The United States Federal Government has perpetrated terrorism in other countries and has perpetrated terrorism here in the United States. In other countries, it has used its Department of Defense, Department of Justice, warmongering capabilities, assassination squads, cash reserves, overseas traitorous snitch militias, and power-mongering resources to instigate regime change. It has used these same resources to facilitate seek-and-destroy-styled bloodbaths in foreign countries that it has invaded. The United States Federal Government, using its Departments of Defense and Justice, has carried out covert assassinations in other countries against political and non-political actors under false pretenses, namely for sketchy, political, or war profiteering reasons. The United States Federal Government, using its Department of Justice, has assassinated United States citizens under sketchy or hidden pretenses. The United States Federal Government is directly or indirectly responsible for the deaths of 40,000,000 persons worldwide since 1945. All of these deaths were sacrifices to the United States’ military industrial complex war profiteering module, its blood-for-oil scheme, and its various other blood stained corporate crony stock revenue and national security mechanisms. Here in the United States, the United States Federal Government has continued its treasonous, murderous, and exterminationist system of cronyism, military industrial revenue generating schemes, and “America First” international non-diplomatic thuggery. Gangstalking is a federally funded murder mechanism in which United States citizens are federally rendered as expendable. This process, which is obviously a thuggish excuse to pump more taxpayer money into the military industrial complex which fuels gangstalking, is extrajudicial and lacks any semblance of a notification, habeas corpus, defendant summons, court hearing, legal defense or advocacy, jury, trial, or sentencing. Rather a canal of federally commissioned dirtbags decide in private who of the American populace should be entered into the United States Federal Government’s constitutionally illiterate search-and-destroy protocol, and clandestinely entered their name and vital statistics into a federally kept law enforcement database, one that is top secret and unsearchable by 99.9% of law enforcers in the country. This database, and one’s entry into it, unleashed a torrent of street theater, derived car accidents, workplace mobbing, hostile and/or violent encounters with gangstalking thugs, home invasions, bank account fraud, wire fraud, credit card theft, slander/libel/defamation, voter fraud, identity theft, and orchestrated catastrophes in the life of the targeted individual, all of which are federally directed under the guise of a national security protocol. The United States citizens that are placed in this database are dead to rights and are not considered “real citizens,” but rather fodder for Gangstalkers, people who give and take signals, verbal commands, vehicular cues and the like, to know where to go and when and who to pester and when. The United States Federal Government should ratify a binding resolution designating itself a terrorist state. The United States of America is a terrorist state. This country has legalized terrorism as a matter of congressional legislation. The United States Federal Government has authorized and financed terrorist activities. Terrorism is the new American norm. Terrorist acts have been enabled, sanctioned and sustained by the United States Congress. Terrorism is the prevailing political ideology of the United States of America. Gangstalking, which is terrorist thuggery made manifest, was authorized and steadily reinforced over the past twenty years, using military industrial warfare tactics as its backdrop. Military industrial technologies and weapons are used by federally authorized liaisons that are strategically planted throughout the United States. These liaisons, through a system of signals, cues, vehicular maneuvers, and verbal commands mobilize millions of thuggish, nitwitted, deleterious American pawns called gangstalkers. These gangstalkers live to pester, confront, and attack targeted individuals anytime and anywhere. The United States Federal Government has legalized germ warfare perpetrated by Gangstalkers against targeted individuals. The USA is guilty of biological warfare and mass food contamination as well. The systemic spreading of disease has always been a favorite terroristic mechanism used by various United States governmental entities. The United States of America is not a Democracy. The United States of America is not a Constitutional Republic. Gangstalking, the United States Federal Government's useless, thuggish, and expensive national security protocol has many names. Covert War, community harassment, hate-stalking, cause-stalking, and clandestine stalking are all adjectives used to describe gangstalking. There is another term that is used for gangstalking, one that I would like to focus on; the term is called touchless torture. The United States Federal Government has a long and prolific history of torturing people or using torture as a state-sanctioned protocol. Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib prisons come to mind when referencing more recent instances of USA governmental torture mechanisms. Waterboarding was used in these torture chambers by United States Armed Forces personnel against the Muslim or Arab prisoners, presumably to extract a confession from them about terrorism or something else. All that resulted from this thuggery was false confessions from the tortured prisoners that resulted in misinformation and bad intelligence for the United States Department of Defense to find subsequent terrorism leads with. It is well known among military, law-enforcement, and political factions worldwide that torture is a useless way of interrogating people. As a matter of fact, it is just plain stupid. It is stupid because if the torture is done to someone who is genuinely innocent of their charges or someone who does not know the answers to the questions given, then the damned torture mechanism will do either one of two things; it will kill the prisoner, resulting in another United States federally enabled instance of state-sanctioned murder, or it will force a false confession from the tortured, resulting in misstatements and bad blood between the truth, falsehoods, and progress. The truth is, that torture is not meant to be a corrective action or a remedy. It is not meant to extract the truth from a suspect. It is not meant to aid national security or law enforcement safety efforts. Rather its aims are simply to injure, maim, or kill. Gangstalking is one such torture mechanism. It is not rooted in national security interests as its legislative documents imply. It is a way for federally authorized cowards to use government resources, the power of the Congress of the United States, and useful idiot gangstalkers to attack select United States civilians with impunity. The United States Congress has authorized torture here in the United States. The United States is not a Democracy. The United States is not a Constitutional Republic. The United States Federal Government guarantees three things to the American taxpayer and indeed the whole world. The first thing is that the United States is guaranteed to ignore and subvert its federal and state constitutions. The second thing is that the United States Federal Government will always try to find a way to subvert other countries, even its allies. It will accomplish this by infiltrating their Federal, State, and local legislatures by stealth, paying their elected leaders to do its bidding at the expense of their own citizens, and instigate wars and armed conflicts against countries that do not allow its ambassadors and other liaisons to wreak havoc in their governmental workings. The third thing is that the United States Federal Government will continue to spend $2,000,000,000,000.00/year on useless military expenditures with the hope that they will result in a costly bloodbath in a foreign nation, preferably one that cannot fight back effectively. This will ensure that the military industrial complex’s revenue shares, stock prices, and net worth will skyrocket to the delight of its executives and to the detriment of the national debt. Gangstalking is a military industrial endeavor that Congress has authorized through ignorance and stealth, being buried in 7,000 paged national security bills. This program authorized apish, cowardly, inbred, diseased, thuggish, nitwitted, numbskull, homicidal lunatics (who will attack men, women, or children) called gangstalkers to follow federally provided cues and signals to locate targeted individuals and “confront” them. The process of who becomes a targeted individual is hidden and extrajudicial. _____________________________ The United States Federal Government has, over the past 75 years in particular, used mass murder, assassinations, embezzlement, high treasonous legislation, illegal and undeclared wars, and domestic terrorism as its political anchors. _________________ The gangstalking mechanism that has permeated every crevice of the American social, political, and legislative functions is the result of illbred, illconceived, and treacherous congressional legislation that proves that the Congress of the United States of America neither reads or gets the legislation that it ratified. The American taxpayer gets to pay the bills for the political misgivings of their elected representatives while the criminally insane homicidal thugs that they have enlisted for their thuggish nationwide obstruction militia goes about their day attempting to harm, maim, disrupt, kill, or cause the incarceration of targeted individuals, people who are politically dead to rights; people who the United States Federal Government has, throughout criminal negligence, sold to its military industrial complex and its multi-trillion-dollar tracking and location protocol, the likes of which is tantamount to the USA’s own brand of mass murderous dealings and crimes against humanity. The American gangstalking mechanism is pure unadulterated thuggery. The kinds of people that participate in it (gangstalking) are thugs to their core. They have embraced a thuggish, cowardly, and degenerate mindset, one that enables them to act like zoo animals on a daily basis. __________________________ Gangstalking is a congressionally authorized post 9/11/2001 thug enabling mechanism, one that allows United States citizens, using a combination of degenerate learned behaviors, a variety of identifiable signals and cues from other stalkers, and a nonsensical personal animosity towards those that the target, has replaced every federal, state, and local law as the new American legal guideline. ____________________________________ American political cronyism has enabled gangstalking due to the political, governmental and legal nature of it. The United States Congress has, and continues to practice a derived system of legislative incompetence, one that enables it to pay its affiliated cronies $2,000,000,000,000.00 in taxpayer dollars per year for useless military expenditures, many of which are used against United States citizens. _____________________________ Synchronization is a part of gangstalking, which is the congressionally authorized mobile gulag protocol that has been legislated against select United States citizens (targeted individuals or targeted persons). Synchronization is a sophisticated and highly visible timed maneuver that places a gangstalker in the immediate vicinity of a targeted individual at the exact same place and the exact same time. This maneuver is the cause of person-to-person collisions, vehicle-to-person collisions, and vehicle-to-vehicle collisions between targeted persons and their gangstalkers. The targeted individual’s exact location is mathematically calculated using military stratagem and military industrial quality formation mechanisms which are executed by stalkers who have taken cues and signals from their liaisons. As the targeted person travels via foot, bicycle, boat, or vehicle, the Gangstalkers are in motion in his vicinity from the north, south, east, and west. The target’s distance from the stalkers as well as his speed and general direction traveled are gathered by federally authorized liaisons. _______________________ The stalkers watch for signals and cues from the liaisons. As the target reaches a certain point, the stalkers move in and either obstructively cut his path off or collide into him causing a significant problem. ___________________________ This maneuver is one of many thuggish and intrusive experimental devices used against targeted individuals by the United States Federal Government’s moronic post September 11, 2001 national security measures. In the course of human events, the United States Federal Government has authorized state-sanctioned mass murder. ___________________ The Congress of the United States has failed in its duty to uphold the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court of the United States has failed in its duty to uphold the United States Constitution. The President of the United States has failed in his duty to uphold the United States Constitution. _____________________________________________ Every governor and state legislature in the United States of America have failed to uphold the Constitutions of their States. ____________________________________________________ The United States of America is run by cronies of federal, state, and local politicians who have no interest in serving their respective populations, but rather issuing as many government contracts to their crony affiliates, all of whom donate to the political campaigns of their racketeering cohorts and probably give them kickbacks as a show of gratitude for the contracts awarded to their businesses. The United States Federal Government guarantees three things to the American taxpayer and indeed the whole world. The first thing is that the United States is guaranteed to ignore and subvert its federal and state constitutions. The second thing is that the United States Federal Government will always try to find a way to subvert other countries, even its allies. It will accomplish this by infiltrating their Federal, State, and local legislatures by stealth, paying their elected leaders to do its bidding at the expense of their own citizens, and instigate wars and armed conflicts against countries that do not allow its ambassadors and other liaisons to wreak havoc in their governmental workings. The third thing is that the United States Federal Government will continue to spend $2,000,000,000,000.00/year on useless military expenditures with the hope that they will result in a costly bloodbath in a foreign nation, preferably one that cannot fight back effectively. This will ensure that the military industrial complex’s revenue shares, stock prices, and net worth will skyrocket to the delight of its executives and to the detriment of the national debt. Gangstalking is a military industrial endeavor that Congress has authorized through ignorance and stealth, being buried in 7,000 paged national security bills. This program authorized apish, cowardly, inbred, diseased, thuggish, nitwitted, numbskull, homicidal lunatics (who will attack men, women, or children) called gangstalkers to follow federally provided cues and signals to locate targeted individuals and “confront” them. The process of who becomes a targeted individual is hidden and extrajudicial. The United States Federal Government is not up to the task of publicly acknowledging gangstalking. Congress is not capable of addressing gangstalking. The reasons are that it is a national embarrassment concerning congressional and legislative ineptitude, it involves national security, it involves the military industrial complex, United States citizens have died from it, it involves germ warfare, biological warfare, and intentional disease spreading, it involves state-sponsored terrorism by the United States, it involves intelligence failures, it involves legalized murder by gangstalking militia thugs, it involves the revocation of the United States Constitution, and it involves paid cronyism by the United States Federal Government and it Congress. A monumental part of gangstalking, the United States Federal Government’s own maniacal legislative construct, is derived instigations and orchestrated conflicts. This aspect of gangstalking seeks to force the targeted individual into a situation where he “lashes out” at a thuggish and pestering stalker who may have crowded his space, made threatening or annoying physical contact with him, or perpetrated some other infraction upon him in such a ways so as to cause discomfort, anger, or embarrassment. This mechanism, one that the United States Federal Government has openly ratified as a part of an apish and illbred national security measure, seeks to put the target in a heated conflict where he is incarcerated, injured, or killed. Certain gangstalkers that are signaled to the targeted person’s location may be armed with any manner of thuggish weapons like baseball bats, crowbars, steel car parts, battery acid, guns, zip-guns, air guns, brass knuckles, steel spikes, large rocks, glass shards, pepper spray, mace, hammers, or lead pipes. Gangstalkers that’s are armed with such low-class weapons will be signaled to a targeted individual’s exact location, especially if the targeted person is in an area that’s dangerous such as a closed space or somewhere that the targeted individuals have to fight their way out of like an alley, metro bus, or telephone booth. Gangstalkers will take signals to a targeted person’s location in public as well. If an armed stalker is given a signal to harass a target in public, the hope is that the targeted individual loses his temper and physically harms the stalker, at which point the stalker will harm the target with a deadly weapon while injuring or causing a catastrophic demise to the target. If bystanders or metro bus drivers see the fight, they will call the police and both the target and the stalker could be arrested which is a part of the attack on the targeted individual (legal problems). If the target is hurt, he will have to go to the hospital and incur hospital bills which are also a part of the attack on the targeted person (his finances). Gangstalking is the result of a braindead United States Congress waging war on American citizens through congressional stupidity. The United States Congress has legalized dread national security stealth legislation that threatens the health, safety, security, physical and psychological well-being, and lives of targeted individuals. The Gangstalkers that take signals from other stalkers to find and attack targeted individuals so as to artificially and needlessly create a dangerous conflict for them are lowlife nitwit scumbags, and should be shot dead on sight as enemy belligerents to humanity. The United States Federal Government, over the past six-decades has spent trillions in taxpayer dollars on its cronies under the guise of official government business. In the 1980s, the Iran Contra Affair, The crack cocaine epidemic, the advent of rival street gangs and the like, were federally crafted, derived, engineered, and occasioned so that the Congress would have a need to purchase military industrial equipment for the Iran intervention, build and maintain private correctional and maximum security prisons for the “War on Drugs,” and create, fund, and staff “gang task forces” to destroy the pesky and dangerous gangs that the United States Federal Government itself creates for this very reason. The “War on Terror” was a state-funded foray into Middle Eastern lands for the conquest of their oil and liberty. The attacks on September 11, 2001 were allowed to happen so that the United States Federal Government would have a pretense to invade that country, reaping trillions in oil revenues for its cronies in the process. These same cronies would later donate money to the re-election campaigns of the congresspersons who invaded Iraq initially. Now you have gangstalking, a USA state-sanctioned civil war and mass murder weapon and disruption protocol that pumps trillions of taxpayer dollars into personnel mobilization mechanisms and urban warfare battalion campaigns, all with a targeted individuals as the scapegoats for the thuggish activity. Gangstalkers are nitwits and thugs who will attack men, women, and children of all ages when given the signal to. The United States is not a Democracy. The United States is not a Constitutional Republic. The Congress of the United States is not a legitimate representative of the American people. The United States Federal Government, besides the legislative incompetence it has shown in legalizing gangstalking, the national security debacle and crime against humanity, has legalized terrorism, biological warfare, germ warfare, intentional disease spreading, and food contamination as well. Federally guided Gangstalkers, that is to say unpaid patrolmen and patrolwomen who take signals, cues, vehicular signals, and physical cues from other gangstalkers, namely to locate and confront targeted individuals, are used endlessly by federally authorized liaisons to prosecute thuggish and unconstitutional attack protocols against unsuspecting citizens; all of which is done in the name of “national security.” The United States Federal Government (it’s representatives) has engaged in every crime imaginable; from assassinations and cover-ups, to illegal wars and massacres, to taxpayer money misappropriation and perjury. The gangstalking mechanism, which is the federally funded enlistment of rowdy, belligerent, incoherent thug mob militias, is a manifestation of the congressional catastrophe that is the federal, state, and local legislature construct in America. The United States Federal Government is a cheap, illiterate, violent, pandering, and cowardly construct that adheres to no constitutional precepts and no governing philosophy. It is simply a tax-and-spend monstrosity that donates $2T in taxpayer dollars per year (more than every other country in the world combined) on useless, stupid, and time-wasting military expenditures which always trickle down in substance (not always execution) to the law enforcement mechanism and the covert, clandestine, and behind-the-scenes, federal law enforcement mechanism, which has been combined with Department of Defense military stratagem and fusion center all-in-one terrorism and/or fugitive task force operations, to form an omnipresent ever-ready location, surveillance, tracking, apprehension, and disruption mechanism, which is aimed at private citizens that are not under investigation for any crime. These costly, cowardly, and inept mechanisms result in the hidden apprehension of targeted persons, many of which never see the federally authorized thug mobilization tactics that are used against them until the gangstalker approaches them suddenly. This stupid congressional blunder makes the world more dangerous and threatens the credibility of the United States. The United States of America is not a democracy. The United States of America is not a constitutional republic. The United States Federal Government has perpetrated terrorism in other countries and has perpetrated terrorism here in the United States. In other countries, it has used its Department of Defense, Department of Justice, warmongering capabilities, assassination squads, cash reserves, overseas traitorous snitch militias, and power-mongering resources to instigate regime change. It has used these same resources to facilitate seek-and-destroy-styled bloodbaths in foreign countries that it has invaded. The United States Federal Government, using its Departments of Defense and Justice, has carried out covert assassinations in other countries against political and non-political actors under false pretenses, namely for sketchy, political, or war profiteering reasons. The United States Federal Government, using its Department of Justice, has assassinated United States citizens under sketchy or hidden pretenses. The United States Federal Government is directly or indirectly responsible for the deaths of 40,000,000 persons worldwide since 1945. All of these deaths were sacrifices to the United States’ military industrial complex war profiteering module, its blood-for-oil scheme, and its various other blood stained corporate crony stock revenue and national security mechanisms. Here in the United States, the United States Federal Government has continued its treasonous, murderous, and exterminationist system of cronyism, military industrial revenue generating schemes, and “America First” international non-diplomatic thuggery. Gangstalking is a federally funded murder mechanism in which United States citizens are federally rendered as expendable. This process, which is obviously a thuggish excuse to pump more taxpayer money into the military industrial complex which fuels gangstalking, is extrajudicial and lacks any semblance of a notification, habeas corpus, defendant summons, court hearing, legal defense or advocacy, jury, trial, or sentencing. Rather a canal of federally commissioned dirtbags decide in private who of the American populace should be entered into the United States Federal Government’s constitutionally illiterate search-and-destroy protocol, and clandestinely entered their name and vital statistics into a federally kept law enforcement database, one that is top secret and unsearchable by 99.9% of law enforcers in the country. This database, and one’s entry into it, unleashed a torrent of street theater, derived car accidents, workplace mobbing, hostile and/or violent encounters with gangstalking thugs, home invasions, bank account fraud, wire fraud, credit card theft, slander/libel/defamation, voter fraud, identity theft, and orchestrated catastrophes in the life of the targeted individual, all of which are federally directed under the guise of a national security protocol. The United States citizens that are placed in this database are dead to rights and are not considered “real citizens,” but rather fodder for Gangstalkers, people who give and take signals, verbal commands, vehicular cues and the like, to know where to go and when and who to pester and when. The United States Federal Government should ratify a binding resolution designating itself a terrorist state. The United States of America is a terrorist state. This country has legalized terrorism as a matter of congressional legislation. The United States Federal Government has authorized and financed terrorist activities. Terrorism is the new American norm. Terrorist acts have been enabled, sanctioned and sustained by the United States Congress. Terrorism is the prevailing political ideology of the United States of America. Gangstalking, which is terrorist thuggery made manifest, was authorized and steadily reinforced over the past twenty years, using military industrial warfare tactics as its backdrop. Military industrial technologies and weapons are used by federally authorized liaisons that are strategically planted throughout the United States. These liaisons, through a system of signals, cues, vehicular maneuvers, and verbal commands mobilize millions of thuggish, nitwitted, deleterious American pawns called gangstalkers. These gangstalkers live to pester, confront, and attack targeted individuals anytime and anywhere. The United States Federal Government has legalized germ warfare perpetrated by Gangstalkers against targeted individuals. The USA is guilty of biological warfare and mass food contamination as well. The systemic spreading of disease has always been a favorite terroristic mechanism used by various United States governmental entities. The United States of America is not a Democracy. The United States of America is not a Constitutional Republic. The United States Federal Government has, over the past 75 years in particular, used mass murder, assassinations, embezzlement, high treasonous legislation, illegal and undeclared wars, and domestic terrorism as its political anchors. The gangstalking mechanism that has permeated every crevice of the American social, political, and legislative functions is the result of illbred, illconceived, and treacherous congressional legislation that proves that the Congress of the United States of America neither reads or gets the legislation that it ratified. The American taxpayer gets to pay the bills for the political misgivings of their elected representatives while the criminally insane homicidal thugs that they have enlisted for their thuggish nationwide obstruction militia goes about their day attempting to harm, maim, disrupt, kill, or cause the incarceration of targeted individuals, people who are politically dead to rights; people who the United States Federal Government has, throughout criminal negligence, sold to its military industrial complex and its multi-trillion-dollar tracking and location protocol, the likes of which is tantamount to the USA’s own brand of mass murderous dealings and crimes against humanity. The American gangstalking mechanism is pure unadulterated thuggery. The kinds of people that participate in it (gangstalking) are thugs to their core. They have embraced a thuggish, cowardly, and degenerate mindset, one that enables them to act like zoo animals on a daily basis. Gangstalking is a congressionally authorized post 9/11/2001 thug enabling mechanism, one that allows United States citizens, using a combination of degenerate learned behaviors, a variety of identifiable signals and cues from other stalkers, and a nonsensical personal animosity towards those that the target, has replaced every federal, state, and local law as the new American legal guideline. American political cronyism has enabled gangstalking due to the political, governmental and legal nature of it. The United States Congress has, and continues to practice a derived system of legislative incompetence, one that enables it to pay its affiliated cronies $2,000,000,000,000.00 in taxpayer dollars per year for useless military expenditures, many of which are used against United States citizens. Synchronization is a part of gangstalking, which is the congressionally authorized mobile gulag protocol that has been legislated against select United States citizens (targeted individuals or targeted persons). Synchronization is a sophisticated and highly visible timed maneuver that places a gangstalker in the immediate vicinity of a targeted individual at the exact same place and the exact same time. This maneuver is the cause of person-to-person collisions, vehicle-to-person collisions, and vehicle-to-vehicle collisions between targeted persons and their gangstalkers. The targeted individual’s exact location is mathematically calculated using military stratagem and military industrial quality formation mechanisms which are executed by stalkers who have taken cues and signals from their liaisons. As the targeted person travels via foot, bicycle, boat, or vehicle, the Gangstalkers are in motion in his vicinity from the north, south, east, and west. The target’s distance from the stalkers as well as his speed and general direction traveled are gathered by federally authorized liaisons. The stalkers watch for signals and cues from the liaisons. As the target reaches a certain point, the stalkers move in and either obstructively cut his path off or collide into him causing a significant problem. This maneuver is one of many thuggish and intrusive experimental devices used against targeted individuals by the United States Federal Government’s moronic post September 11, 2001 national security measures. In the course of human events, the United States Federal Government has authorized state-sanctioned mass murder. The Congress of the United States has failed in its duty to uphold the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court of the United States has failed in its duty to uphold the United States Constitution. The President of the United States has failed in his duty to uphold the United States Constitution. Every governor and state legislature in the United States of America have failed to uphold the Constitutions of their States. The United States of America is run by cronies of federal, state, and local politicians who have no interest in serving their respective populations, but rather issuing as many government contracts to their crony affiliates, all of whom donate to the political campaigns of their racketeering cohorts and probably give them kickbacks as a show of gratitude for the contracts awarded to their businesses. The military industrial complex in this country is one such entity. The political cronies of this abhorrent construct reap a collective $2,000,000,000,000.00/year courtesy of the taxpayer, so it can sell their weaponry and war machines to the United States Federal Government to use in stupid, diplomatically illiterate, costly, and useless foreign wars, skirmishes, and armed conflicts. The United States Federal Government has legalized a domestic war right here in the United States of America. In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City, the Congress of the United States not only waged a strategically illiterate war against the entire Muslim world, it waged an equally idiotic war against United States citizens as well. Gangstalking is the result of several national security measures that were authorized post September 11, as a result of the jittery, complacent, frightened, and confused federal government’s inability to figure out who did 9/11/2001 and why. Iraq was a scapegoat. The natural resources of that country was seized by the United States Federal Government as a reward for its political cronies. There were no weapons of mass destruction there, and all that war did was make the United States an international pariah. The United States Federal Government, in a manifestation of its thuggish, hostile, and belligerent political underpinnings, has voluntarily and legislatively enlisted an army of nitwitted, hostile, pandering, annoying, violent, homicidal, maniacal, and useless dirtbag thugs (the gangstalkers) to “patrol” every street and building in the Union in thuggish units, perpetrating every single legal violation that there is against targeted individuals, and doing so with the blessing of the United States Congress. The Congress has passed, in 10,000 paged national security bills, legislation that has reduced this country to a civil war domain. It gangstalkers versus targeted individuals, with the gangstalkers having the full power and guidance of the United States Federal Government. Like Comment Share The United States Federal Government (it’s representatives) has engaged in every crime imaginable; from assassinations and cover-ups, to illegal wars and massacres, to taxpayer money misappropriation and perjury. The gangstalking mechanism, which is the federally funded enlistment of rowdy, belligerent, incoherent thug mob militias, is a manifestation of the congressional catastrophe that is the federal, state, and local legislature construct in America. The United States Federal Government is a cheap, illiterate, violent, pandering, and cowardly construct that adheres to no constitutional precepts and no governing philosophy. It is simply a tax-and-spend monstrosity that donates $2T in taxpayer dollars per year (more than every other country in the world combined) on useless, stupid, and time-wasting military expenditures which always trickle down in substance (not always execution) to the law enforcement mechanism and the covert, clandestine, and behind-the-scenes, federal law enforcement mechanism, which has been combined with Department of Defense military stratagem and fusion center all-in-one terrorism and/or fugitive task force operations, to form an omnipresent ever-ready location, surveillance, tracking, apprehension, and disruption mechanism, which is aimed at private citizens that are not under investigation for any crime. These costly, cowardly, and inept mechanisms result in the hidden apprehension of targeted persons, many of which never see the federally authorized thug mobilization tactics that are used against them until the gangstalker approaches them suddenly. This stupid congressional blunder makes the world more dangerous and threatens the credibility of the United States. The United States of America is not a democracy. The United States of America is not a constitutional republic. The United States Federal Government, besides the legislative incompetence it has shown in legalizing gangstalking, the national security debacle and crime against humanity, has legalized terrorism, biological warfare, germ warfare, intentional disease spreading, and food contamination as well. Federally guided Gangstalkers, that is to say unpaid patrolmen and patrolwomen who take signals, cues, vehicular signals, and physical cues from other gangstalkers, namely to locate and confront targeted individuals, are used endlessly by federally authorized liaisons to prosecute thuggish and unconstitutional attack protocols against unsuspecting citizens; all of which is done in the name of “national security.” The United States Federal Government is not a legitimate governmental entity. It has officially forfeited its designation as a Democracy and as a Constitutional Republic. Over the past seventy-five years, it has murdered millions of foreign citizens in their own countries. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the bombing of Dresden, Germany, the bombings and village slaughters of Vietnam, the scud missile attacks on Iraqi civilians, and the systemic torture and slaughtering of Afghan citizens since 2011 have rendered the United States of America a country that will murder people under the guise of a legitimate war, while paying its military industrial complex trillions in taxpayer dollars to create, manufacture, and distribute the war machines necessary to carry out these foreign bloodbaths. The bombing of Japanese cities in World War II in retaliation for the bombing of Pearl Harbor was an act of state-sanctioned murder. The pretenses for the Vietnam War were weak and insufficient, and consisted of the United States Federal Government telling the American taxpayer that the war was just, when really it was a reaction to a Vietnamese boat allegedly ramming a French battleship in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Iraq War was waged by America as a knee-jerk reaction to the events of September 11, 2001, as well as a “crusade” to finding weapons of mass destruction which the Iraqi Government did not have. The War in Afghanistan was equally pointless, namely, because it lacked a justifiable purpose and it only ended up with the American Armed Forces being kicked out of that country by the Taliban, a group that has generational ties to the region, hates American intervention in Muslim affairs, and is the new ruling political entity in Afghanistan. The pretenses for most of not all of the United States’ foreign wars have barely held water over the years and proved more often than not to being mere war profiteering exercises for the United States of America’s military industrial complex and its cronies, who reap $2,000,000,000,000.00 in yearly tax revenues for the design, build, and distribution of military grade war machines. Gangstalking is the new act of war by a bloodthirsty, murderous, and complicit United States Congress. The same military industrial complex reaps new revenues to create various surveillance, tracking, and location mechanisms, all of which are used as weapons against targeted individuals when they are out and about. Untold thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of targeted individuals have been injured, rendered ineffective in society, or killed because of the covert, incompetent, and cowardly legislative acts of Congress over the past twenty years. The United States Federal Government should ratify a binding resolution designating itself a terrorist state. The United States of America is a terrorist state. This country has legalized terrorism as a matter of congressional legislation. The United States Federal Government has authorized and financed terrorist activities. Terrorism is the new American norm. Terrorist acts have been enabled, sanctioned and sustained by the United States Congress. Terrorism is the prevailing political ideology of the United States of America. Gangstalking, which is terrorist thuggery made manifest, was authorized and steadily reinforced over the past twenty years, using military industrial warfare tactics as its backdrop. Military industrial technologies and weapons are used by federally authorized liaisons that are strategically planted throughout the United States. These liaisons, through a system of signals, cues, vehicular maneuvers, and verbal commands mobilize millions of thuggish, nitwitted, deleterious American pawns called gangstalkers. These gangstalkers live to pester, confront, and attack targeted individuals anytime and anywhere. The United States Federal Government has legalized germ warfare perpetrated by Gangstalkers against targeted individuals. The USA is guilty of biological warfare and mass food contamination as well. The systemic spreading of disease has always been a favorite terroristic mechanism used by various United States governmental entities. The United States of America is not a Democracy. The United States of America is not a Constitutional Republic. The United States Federal Government is guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity, thuggery, large-scale embezzlement, racketeering, warmongering, and mass murder. The United States Federal Government committed these crimes legally by first legalizing them through stealth legislation, namely, through national security or wartime legislation that is derived from 10,000 paged bills that Congress does not read, the President of the United States does not see, and the American people are not made aware of. This uniquely American brand of political trickery, over the past 75 years in particular, has been embedded into the very legislative mechanism of the United States of America. These political crimes directly benefit the American military industrial complex and its cronies, those people who are paid directly by Congress via taxpayer dollars, for the machines needed to prosecute wars, assassinations, armed conflicts, and other such degenerate thuggery. The latest American congressional blunder comes in the form of gangstalking, which is a covert civil war that is waged by Congress, for and on behalf of military industrial entities that sow violence between liaisons of the State, and targeted individuals who have been marked by the State as deleterious to the State or expendable. The Gangstalkers themselves are surly, hostile, aggressive, nitwitted, apish, violent, subversive, pandering degenerates who follow a system of cues, codes, and signals, sent from one or more gangstalker to the next, in order to locate the targeted individual. The United States of America is not a Democracy. The United States of America is not a Constitutional Republic. The United States Federal Government has perpetrated terrorism in other countries and has perpetrated terrorism here in the United States. In other countries, it has used its Department of Defense, Department of Justice, warmongering capabilities, assassination squads, cash reserves, overseas traitorous snitch militias, and power-mongering resources to instigate regime change. It has used these same resources to facilitate seek-and-destroy-styled bloodbaths in foreign countries that it has invaded. The United States Federal Government, using its Departments of Defense and Justice, has carried out covert assassinations in other countries against political and non-political actors under false pretenses, namely for sketchy, political, or war profiteering reasons. The United States Federal Government, using its Department of Justice, has assassinated United States citizens under sketchy or hidden pretenses. The United States Federal Government is directly or indirectly responsible for the deaths of 40,000,000 persons worldwide since 1945. All of these deaths were sacrifices to the United States’ military industrial complex war profiteering module, its blood-for-oil scheme, and its various other blood stained corporate crony stock revenue and national security mechanisms. Here in the United States, the United States Federal Government has continued its treasonous, murderous, and exterminationist system of cronyism, military industrial revenue generating schemes, and “America First” international non-diplomatic thuggery. Gangstalking is a federally funded murder mechanism in which United States citizens are federally rendered as expendable. This process, which is obviously a thuggish excuse to pump more taxpayer money into the military industrial complex which fuels gangstalking, is extrajudicial and lacks any semblance of a notification, habeas corpus, defendant summons, court hearing, legal defense or advocacy, jury, trial, or sentencing. ____________________________ Rather a canal of federally commissioned dirtbags decide in private who of the American populace should be entered into the United States Federal Government’s constitutionally illiterate search-and-destroy protocol, and clandestinely entered their name and vital statistics into a federally kept law enforcement database, one that is top secret and unsearchable by 99.9% of law enforcers in the country. This database, and one’s entry into it, unleashed a torrent of street theater, derived car accidents, workplace mobbing, hostile and/or violent encounters with gangstalking thugs, home invasions, bank account fraud, wire fraud, credit card theft, slander/libel/defamation, voter fraud, identity theft, and orchestrated catastrophes in the life of the targeted individual, all of which are federally directed under the guise of a national security protocol. The United States citizens that are placed in this database are dead to rights and are not considered “real citizens,” but rather fodder for Gangstalkers, people who give and take signals, verbal commands, vehicular cues and the like, to know where to go and when and who to pester and when. Like Comment Share American political cronyism has enabled gangstalking due to the political, governmental and legal nature of it. The United States Congress has, and continues to practice a derived system of legislative incompetence, one that enables it to pay its affiliated cronies $2,000,000,000,000.00 in taxpayer dollars per year for useless military expenditures, many of which are used against United States citizens. _____________________________ Synchronization is a part of gangstalking, which is the congressionally authorized mobile gulag protocol that has been legislated against select United States citizens (targeted individuals or targeted persons). Synchronization is a sophisticated and highly visible timed maneuver that places a gangstalker in the immediate vicinity of a targeted individual at the exact same place and the exact same time. This maneuver is the cause of person-to-person collisions, vehicle-to-person collisions, and vehicle-to-vehicle collisions between targeted persons and their gangstalkers. The targeted individual’s exact location is mathematically calculated using military stratagem and military industrial quality formation mechanisms which are executed by stalkers who have taken cues and signals from their liaisons. As the targeted person travels via foot, bicycle, boat, or vehicle, the Gangstalkers are in motion in his vicinity from the north, south, east, and west. The target’s distance from the stalkers as well as his speed and general direction traveled are gathered by federally authorized liaisons. _______________________ The stalkers watch for signals and cues from the liaisons. As the target reaches a certain point, the stalkers move in and either obstructively cut his path off or collide into him causing a significant problem. ___________________________ This maneuver is one of many thuggish and intrusive experimental devices used against targeted individuals by the United States Federal Government’s moronic post September 11, 2001 national security measures. In the course of human events, the United States Federal Government has authorized state-sanctioned mass murder. The United States Federal Government, through the legislative ineptitude and thuggery of its Congress, has become a weapon for moronic, thuggish, and criminally insane nitwits, namely those that have the capacity to manipulate its legislative process. The catastrophe that this government has allowed at the expense of its citizens is as bad as any political embarrassment that has occurred anywhere in the world over the past 1,000 years. The United States, since the conclusion of the War in Afghanistan, a war where its military was routed, defeated, and removed from the region, has intensified its focus on the war against its citizens here in the United States of America. The United States Federal Government is a treasonous entity. It’s only function is to hand out government contracts by the trillions ($) to its political representatives’ underhanded traitorous cronies, enriching them and themselves at the expense of the American taxpayer. The military industrial complex is one such traitorous crony-filled institution. The United States Federal Government sees it fit to pour into the military industrial complex $2T per year so as to fund its firms, namely those that make multi-million and multi-billion dollar war machines, machines that are not in use now because the United States has no foreign countries to invade. Many of these war machines are being donated to Ukraine, although the cost is significant to the American taxpayer and the particulars of these weapons deals are not being told to the citizens of the United States plainly. Many billions of dollars of war machines are being bought from the military industrial complex by the United States Federal Government with its tax revenues and being given to Ukraine at a discount or totally free. The yearly revenues of the military industrial complex goes up along with its stock prices and dividends, not to mention executive bonuses and so forth, all having been done with taxpayer money. Gangstalking is a mass thuggery protocol that has been legalized by Congress through treason and betrayal of the United States Constitution and its precepts. It is enabled by regional governmental authorities and its operating mechanism has been hidden from the American populace. Scores of thugs are mobilized and directed using this federally funded program, namely to the exact location of targeted individuals in order to exact altercations, collisions, or other such thuggery, all in the name of national security. The United States Federal Government has been complicit in countless atrocities, particularly over the past 200 years. The latest atrocity that it has committed is the worst, because it weaponizes not only the country’s federal mechanism, but the American populace itself, namely against pre-selected targeted persons, in order to achieve its cronies’ thuggish, murdering, self-serving goals. The United States Federal Government is a murdering entity. The United States Federal Government is a treasonous entity. The United States Federal Government is a State-sanctioned atrocity. The United States of America is not a democracy. The United States of America is not a constitutional republic. The United States of America is not a legitimate country. The United States Congress has eradicated the United States Constitution and the Constitutions Of every state in the Union with a stroke of a pen. Post September 11, 2001 national security legislation has destroyed the civil liberties, civil rights, and civil society of the governed. The deleterious legislation that was passed from 2001-2007 by the House of Representatives, and continues to be passed to the present day through 10,001 paged congressional bills that no one reads before the ratification process. Military industrial surveillance and human experimentation protocols are embedded in those thuggish bills, manifesting as the federally directed mobilization of thug-militia mobs, who through a perverse system of signals, cues and gestures, mobilize themselves and each other (monitored and directed by federal liaisons) against unsuspecting targeted individuals who have been extrajudicially marked by the federal government and its auxiliaries as a dangerous, troublesome, or subversive person. The United States Federal Government is not a legitimate entity. This government has forsaken its federal, state, and local legislative obligations in favor of the passing of stealth civil warfare legislation that jeopardizes its very existence. This legislation sends $2,000,960,099,001.97 to the very military industrial complex that produces the machinery and urban warfare machinations that are used against targeted United States citizens. The United States of America is not a democracy. The United States of America is not a Constitutional Republic. The United States of America is a haven for gangstalking thugs, homicidal maniacs, and criminally insane pesterers. Gangstalking, the United States Federal Government's useless, thuggish, and expensive national security protocol has many names. Covert War, community harassment, hate-stalking, cause-stalking, and clandestine stalking are all adjectives used to describe gangstalking. There is another term that is used for gangstalking, one that I would like to focus on; the term is called touchless torture. The United States Federal Government has a long and prolific history of torturing people or using torture as a state-sanctioned protocol. Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib prisons come to mind when referencing more recent instances of USA governmental torture mechanisms. Waterboarding was used in these torture chambers by United States Armed Forces personnel against the Muslim or Arab prisoners, presumably to extract a confession from them about terrorism or something else. All that resulted from this thuggery was false confessions from the tortured prisoners that resulted in misinformation and bad intelligence for the United States Department of Defense to find subsequent terrorism leads with. It is well known among military, law-enforcement, and political factions worldwide that torture is a useless way of interrogating people. As a matter of fact, it is just plain stupid. It is stupid because if the torture is done to someone who is genuinely innocent of their charges or someone who does not know the answers to the questions given, then the damned torture mechanism will do either one of two things; it will kill the prisoner, resulting in another United States federally enabled instance of state-sanctioned murder, or it will force a false confession from the tortured, resulting in misstatements and bad blood between the truth, falsehoods, and progress. The truth is, that torture is not meant to be a corrective action or a remedy. It is not meant to extract the truth from a suspect. It is not meant to aid national security or law enforcement safety efforts. Rather its aims are simply to injure, maim, or kill. Gangstalking is one such torture mechanism. It is not rooted in national security interests as its legislative documents imply. It is a way for federally authorized cowards to use government resources, the power of the Congress of the United States, and useful idiot gangstalkers to attack select United States civilians with impunity. The United States Congress has authorized torture here in the United States. The United States is not a Democracy. The United States is not a Constitutional Republic. Murder has always been the United States Federal Government’s way of “progressing” to a new phase in its piss-stained history. If it isn’t invading a third world country and executing its citizens wholesale, the United States Federal Government is silently passing laws that allow similar murderous and bloodshed causing disturbances here on its own soil and against its own people. The United States Federal Government operates like this, it stealthily distributes “patriot” narratives through derived and orchestrated news stories, movies, television shows, street theater, broadway plays, and books/magazines. These narratives are the one that “good” Americans must follow in order to “fit in” with the preauthorized herd mentality and avoid being targeted individuals. People who ignore these narratives and live, talk, act, and think how they please are scouted, surveilled, documented, and silently placed in gangstalking campaigns for being “disruptive” to “society.” Gangstalkers are the people who identified with the United States Federal Government’s farcical patriot narratives and followed suit in their words and deeds. These are the people that pick up the behaviors and communicative signaling devices that Gangstalkers use to communicate with each other and “point out” targeted individuals for other Gangstalkers to pester. Gangstalkers are treason-loving pinheads. Gangstalkers are hateful, cowardly, pandering, violent and disgusting. The United States of America is not a Democracy. The United States of America is not a Constitutional Republic. In the course of human events, the United States Federal Government has legalized state-sanctioned murder. Murder is a part of the poorly planned, ineptly communicated, treasonously constructed national security nightmare called gangstalking. Gangstalking is a federally guided mechanism that has all the merits of a private, hidden, covert, cowardly, and treasonously executed civil war. This civil war is between gangstalkers, a coven of murdering, thieving, conniving, signal taking, hostile, thuggish, and violent curmudgeons, against people like me and my significant other, Lori, who are United States citizens that have been federally marked for a treasonously implemented murder protocol. This post September 11, 2001 national security debacle was signed into law by congress, in a panick-stricken frenzy, in stealthy, treasonous, and unconstitutional 10,900 paged congressional budgets, national security bills, and other legislation, having never been read, researched, or vetted by the Congress of the United States, the Supreme Court, or the Office of the President of the United States of America. The legislative, judicial, and executive auxiliaries of the United States Federal Government are not worth the frog-skin-paper that their worthless money is printed on. They have sold this country, its interests, and its populace to the military industrial complex, which receives $2,870,000,000,999.93 per year from the paychecks of the taxpayer who it produces war machines, surveillance equipment, and silent weapons to perpetrate thuggish urban based guerilla styled wars against. Gangstalkers are easily deceived and used. They act with impunity and hostility, having been given signals in the form of physical gestures, vehicular cues, and verbal commands by federally authorized liaisons in urban settings. These signals are used by stalkers and for stalkers to locate and pester targeted individuals wherever they are at that particular time.

The Soviet NKVD and Gangstalking

REPOST: I have found it necessary and appropriate to upload this stunning article from sciencespo.fr concerning the Soviet NKVD's 1937-38 'Great Terror' mechanism which was imposed by Joseph Stalin himself. The similarities between the Great Terror's espionage, accusation, and arrest procedure, which led to the systematic murder of 750,000 "enemies of the people" and the gangstalking targeting and subversion mechanism to be striking. Both prorocols involve selecting their targets based on their tendency to be independent, self-reliant, and dissident. Thanks for tuning in. -Emmanuel Isaiah Smith THE NKVD MASS SECRET NATIONAL OPERATIONS (AUGUST 1937 - NOVEMBER 1938) Russian Federation Soviet Union Date: 20 May, 2010 Auteur: Werth Nicolas 1. Context In 1992, the discovery in the Soviet archives of the NKVD's secret operational orders has drastically changed our perception of Stalin's Great Terror. These documents disclosed the mechanisms of the hitherto hidden side of the Great Terror – that of the mass secret repressive operations (as opposed to the "public side" – that of the "show trials" and the purges of the political, economic and military elites). These secret operations were a form of social engineering intended to rid the country "once and for all of the entire gang of anti-Soviet elements who undermine the foundations of the Soviet State" (in the words of Nikolai Ezhov, the Head of the NKVD, in the preamble of Order n° 00447). Two main groups of "enemies" were targeted: The Kulak Operation, launched by the NKVD Operational Order n° 00447 dated July 30, 1937, targeted a wide category of previously identified "social outcasts": the innumerable cohort of "formers", directly and purposefully marginalized in the 1930s ("former kulaks", "former members of anti-Soviet parties", "former White officers", "former tsarist civil servants" and "church officials"), but also various kinds of "socially harmful elements" (such as "recidivist criminals", "bandits", "hooligans", "speculators", "persons with no definite place of work or having ties with the criminal world", etc). The "National Operations" targeted a number of diaspora minorities, suspected of being "a hotbed of spies and wreckers". On July 25, 1937, Nikolai Ezhov sent to all regional NKVD headquarters Order n° 00439 prescribing the immediate arrest of all German citizens employed (or having been employed) in defense factories, on the railroads and in "other sectors of the national economy". But "Germans" were not the main target: Order n° 00449 prescribed the arrest of all Soviet citizens "having, or having had, ties", in one way or another, with "German spies, wreckers and terrorists". This, of course, considerably widened the scope of the operation, since no more than 4,000 German citizens were registered in the Soviet Union in 1937 (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999). Two weeks later, on August 11, 1937, following a Politburo top-secret resolution taken two days earlier, Nikolai Ezhov issued another secret directive, Order n° 00485, aimed at "the complete liquidation of local branches of the Polish Military Organization (POW) and its networks of spies, wreckers and terrorists in industry, transport and agriculture". Order n° 00485 identified targets for arrest: all Polish political émigrés and refugees, as well as "the most active part of local anti-Soviet nationalist elements from the Polish national districts". A month later, this category was extended to all "Soviet citizens of Polish nationality with ties to Polish consulates", a category that could easily embrace any Soviet Pole. Order n° 00485 served as a model for a series of similar NKVD secret decrees targeting a number of the Soviet Union's diaspora nationalities: the Finnish, Latvian, Estonian, Rumanian, Greek, and Chinese. The NKVD referred to these decrees collectively as "the National Operations" directed against "nationalities of foreign governments". Concerning diaspora minorities, the vast majority of whom were Soviet citizens and whose ancestors had resided for decades and sometimes centuries in the Soviet Union and Russian Empire, "this designation absolutized their cross-border ethnicities as the only salient aspect of their identity, sufficient proof of their disloyalty and sufficient justification for their arrest and execution" (Martin, 2001: 338). Oleg Khlevniuk has convinsingly shown, on the basis of Stalin's correspondence with Soviet diplomats and NKVD officials in Spain in the months preceding the Great Terror, that the launching of the National Operations was related to Stalin's reading of rearguard uprisings against the Republican regime in Spain in the course of the Spanish Civil War. Stalin was convinced that hostile capitalist powers such as Germany, Poland, Japan, Finland, Romania and the Baltic States would organize, in the ever more probable event of war with the Soviet Union, the same kind of rearguard uprisings, resorting to anyone who had some sort of connection with foreign countries, in order to form a "fifth column of diversionists and wreckers" (Khlevniuk, 2000). ++++ As a matter of fact, diaspora nationalities with cross-border ethnic ties to a foreign Nation-State had been considered as potentially disloyal for several years. In early 1935, the Soviet regime launched a number of deportations aimed at "cleansing" the most strategic border regions (the region of Leningrad and the Soviet-Polish border) of their "ethnically suspect elements". Over 8000 families of Polish and German origin were deported in February-March 1935 from the border districts of Kiev and Vinnitsa provinces to eastern Ukraine; at the same time, 12,000 Finns, Estonians and Latvians were deported from the border districts of Leningrad province to Siberia and Central Asia. The cleansing operations in border areas were continued and expanded in 1936, encompassing 20,000 families from the Leningrad region and Western Ukraine. In these operations which were still limited and selective, the ethnic criterion was "blended" with class considerations. Ethnicity was not the only element at stake in the deportations of 1935-1936 and in the murderous outburst of the National Operations of 1937-1938. "Soviet xenophobia" (Martin, 2001: 342) was an ideological rather than an ethnic concept. A good illustration of this is provided by one specific National Operation, initiated by NKVD Order n° 00593 on September 20, 1937, which targeted the so-called "Kharbintsy". These were former personnel (engineers, employees, railway workers) of the Chinese-Manchurian railway whose headquarters were based in Kharbin, in Manchuria. After the sale, by the Soviet government, of this railway to Japan in 1935, many returned to the Soviet Union. For Stalin and his team, although most of the Kharbintsy were ethnic Russians, their cross-border ties to the Kharbintsy remaining in China turned them into the functional equivalent of a diaspora nationality. And so, despite their "Russianness", they too became an "enemy group" targeted as part of the National Operations during the Great Terror (Martin, 2001: 343). The National Operations were not a minor part of the Great Terror. According to centralized NKVD statistics, from July 1937 to November 1938, 335,513 persons were sentenced by extrajudicial organs in the course of the implementation of the National Operations (while over 800,000 persons were convicted in the so-called Kulak Operation carried out under Order n° 00447). Among them, 247,157 (or 73.6%) were shot – a proportion considerably higher than in the Kulak Operation, in the process of which 49.3% were sentenced "in the first category" (death sentence) (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999). ++++ 2. DECISION-MAKERS, ORGANIZERS AND ACTORS Although Nikolai Ezhov signed all the secret NKVD Operational Orders related to the National Operations, its instigator was Stalin himself. Five days before the issuing of Order n° 00439 (which launched the German Operation), Stalin scribbled, during the Politburo meeting of July 20, 1937, a short note: "ALL Germans working on our military, semimilitary and chemical factories, on electric stations and building sites, in ALL regions are ALL to be arrested" (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999). As his correspondence with Ezhov clearly shows, Stalin closely monitored the implementation of the National Operations. On Ezhov’s first report on the progress of the Polish Operation (23,000 arrests in four weeks) Stalin wrote: "Cam. Ezhov. This is excellent! Continue to dig, cleanse, eradicate all this polish dirt ! Liquidate all this dirt in the name of the interests of the USSR. J.Stalin, 14.X.37". In their organization and implementation, National Operations had several specific characteristics with regard to the Kulak Operation". Order n° 00485 (as well as all the other secret directives concerning National Operations) did not fix any quotas of people to sentence in the first category (death) or second category (10 years imprisonement), but indicated several categories of people to arrest. In the case of the Polish Operation, for example, these were: - all Polish ex-prisonners of war, who had remained in the USSR - all Polish refugees settled in the USSR - all Polish political exiles - all ex-members of the Polish Socialist Party and of other polish political parties - all "antisoviet and nationalistic elements" from districts and regions of the USSR where a Polish community existed. - all Soviet citizens having had some sort of contact with Polish diplomatic, consular, military, commercial or economic representatives in the USSR. In the case of the German Operation, the targeted categories were much the same: German ex-prisonners of war, who had remained in the USSR; German political exiles and refugees from Germany, especially workers and engineers who had come from Germany in the 1920s and at the beginning of the 1930s and who had taken Soviet citizenship; "anti-soviet and nationalistic elements" from districts and regions of the USSR where a German community existed. To these "standard categories", local officials of the NKVD were encouraged to add "specific groups" – which they did. In Kharkov, for example, L. Reikhman, the newly-appointed Head of the NKVD, ordered the following "additional" categories of people to be arrested, in the process of the Polish Operation: - all ex-agents of the NKVD "Foreign Department" having been in charge of "Polish affairs" - all informants of the NKVD "specialized in Polish affairs" - all "clerical elements" having, or having had, some kind of connection with Poland - all Soviet citizens having "family or other suspect ties" in Poland. In Gorki, the local Head of the NKVD decided to add to the "standard categories" of the German Operation, which were "too thin" in the area within his juridiction, another group consisting of "ex-prisoners of World War I having been in captivity in Germany, recruited by German secret services to organize terrorist and spying activities" (441 persons were arrested in this category under Order n° 00439 in Gorky region). In Sverdlovsk, the NKVD Chief D. Dmitriev decided, for lack of "proper suspects" for the German Operation, to arrest thousands of Ukrainian and Russian deportees. Thus, the Sverdlovsk region could boast an excellent score – 4,379 individuals arrested in operations implementing Order n° 00439, or 8% of the overall figure of the German Operation (but out of these 4,379, only 122 were of German origin!). As the fate of the arrested depended entirely on the zeal of local NKVD bosses, the chance of being caught and the probability of being sentenced "in the first category" (death penalty) varied considerably: in Armenia, 31% of those trapped in National Operations were shot; in the Vologda region, 46%; in Bielorussia, 88%; Krasnodar territory, Novossibirsk and Orenbourg regions had the highest rate of "first category" victims: respectively 94%, 94.8% and 96.4%! The cases of people arrested under one of these National Operations was swiftly examined by the regional dvoïka (a two-man commission comprising the NKVD chief and the procurator), who decided what punishment should be applied to the accused: the first category (death sentence) or the second category (10 years in camp). The verdict was to be confirmed by Moscow, that is by Ezhov or Vychinski (the General Procurator of the USSR). Each case examined by the local dvoïka was summed up in a few lines giving a minimal information on the identity of the accused, their alleged crime, and the proposed punishment. These short abstracts were copied in a special album. When the album was full, it was sent "for approval" to Moscow, with a special NKVD messenger. Of course, neither Ezhov nor Vychinski had time to countersign every record, since each album contained several hundred cases. The records were countersigned (and the verdict of the dvoïka thus confirmed) by NKVD high-ranking officials, who glanced through the album, ratifying the sentence in 99% of the cases. Ezhov or Vychinski signed only the final page of the album. In spite of this swift procedure, albums got stuck in Moscow: in July 1938, over a hundred thousand cases (several hundred albums) piled up in the headquarters of the NKVD. Meanwhile, prisons all over the country were overcrowded with people waiting for their sentence to be confirmed. In order to put an end to this situation, the Politburo decided, on September 15, 1938, to abolish the "album procedure" (as it was called in NKVD circles) and to set up, in every region, territory and republic, "special troïki", whose decisions, as those of the extra-judicial organs implementing Order n° 00447, would not require confirmation by central authorities. These special troïki were to complete the examination of all cases related to the different National Operations before November 15. During these two months, over 105,000 people were sentenced. Special National Operations were stopped on November 17, 1938, after the Politburo issued a top-secret decision abolishing all troïki and dvoïki, and sharply criticizing "major deficiencies and distortions" in the work of the NKVD (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999; Petrov &Roginskii, 2003). ++++ 3. VICTIMS According to the State Security central authorities’ accountancy, over 335,000 persons were sentenced in the course of the National Operations. The largest contingent (140,000) was trapped in the Polish Operation. Out of this number, 111,000 (or 79%) were executed. Some 55,000 were sentenced under Order n° 00439 (the German Operation), 76% of whom (or 42,000 persons) were executed. In the course of the Kharbin Operation, 33,000 persons were sentenced, of whom 65% (21,200) were executed. The Latvian Operation ended in 22,000 sentences (75% – or 16,500 – in the first category). For the Greek, Romanian, Finnish and Estonian "mass operations", statistics run until mid-September 1938. At that time, the number of people sentenced in each of the four mass operations was respectively: 11,260 (9,450 sentenced to death); 6,300 (4,020 sentenced to death); 7,023 (5,724 sentenced to death); 5,680 (4,672 sentenced to death). Unfortunately, we do not know exactly how many members of the diaspora nationalities were arrested, sentenced and executed, since not everyone arrested in the Polish Operation, for example, was a Pole or a Soviet citizen of Polish origin, nor were all arrested Poles or Soviet citizens of Polish origin included in the Polish Operation. For instance, through September 1938 in Belorussia, Soviet citizens of Polish origin made up only 43% of those arrested in the Polish Operation, whereas Soviet citizens of German origin made up 76% of the German Operation, and Soviet citizens of Latvian origin 75% of the Latvian Operation. In Moscow, through July 1938, Soviet citizens of Polish origin made up 57% of those arrested in the Polish Operation (Martin, 2001: 339). For the Polish and the German Operations, NKVD central statistics, discovered by N. Okhotin, A. Roginski and N. Petrov, give information on the number of people arrested and sentenced in the different regions of the USSR. Not surprisingly, the largest group (40% of all people arrested in the process of the Polish Operation; 39% of all people arrested in the process of the German Operation) came from the Ukraine, and in particular from its western border districts, where there lived a large Polish community and a smaller German one. Tens of thousands of peasants, industry and railway workers, employees and engineers were arrested for no reason other than that they lived and worked "too close to the enemy". For the same reason, Bielorussian provinces accounted for 17% of the arrested under Order n° 00485. Surprisingly, at first sight, Western Siberia, Southern Urals, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Far-East showed high numbers of arrests: in these unruly regions, with large numbers of deportees and social outcasts, high quotas of "anti-Soviet" and "socially harmful elements" to "repress", local NKVD officials tended to fill in "national lines" (another piece of police jargon) with their usual victims, who had little in common with those targeted by Orders 00439, 00485 or 00593 (Okhotin & Roginskii, 1999; Petrov & Roginskii, 2003). A remarkable feature of the National Operations should be underlined: until May 1938, the NKVD leadership did not seem concerned by the ethnic origin of those arrested; information concerning their nationality and ethnic origin was systematically collected only after September 1938, when "special troïki" were set up to "finish off" the National Operations. Thus, we know that among the 36,768 individuals sentenced under Order n° 0048" (Polish Operation) by the "special troïki" between September and November 1938, Poles and soviet citizens of Polish origin represented 55% of the total, Bielorussians 15%, Ukrainians 13%, Russians 9% and Jews 4%. According to N. Okhotin and A. Roginski, Poles and Soviet citizens of Polish origin represented about 70% of the 140,000 persons sentenced under Order n° 00485 (that is 98,000 persons). Altogether, during the Great Terror, approximately 120,000 Poles and Soviet citizens of Polish origin were arrested and sentenced. With one-fifth of its total group repressed, Soviet citizens of Polish origin paid the heaviest toll of all ethnic minorities forming the "Great Soviet family". Soviet citizens of German origin represented 69% of the 55,000 persons sentenced under Order n° 00439 (that is 38,000 people). Altogether, during the Great Terror, approximately 72,000 Soviet citizens of German origin were arrested and sentenced – that is 5% of the Soviet Germans. A remarkable feature should be stressed at this point: relatively few Soviet Germans living in the Autonomous Republic of the Volga Germans (by far the largest community of soviet citizens of German origin) were arrested in the course of the German Operation. In 1937-1938, Soviet citizens of German origin living in the Autonomous Soviet Republic of the Volga Germans seem to have been considered as "better integrated" in the Soviet system than individuals of German origin scattered in "sensitive" border areas or in industrial towns (German, 1996). Ethnicity as such was not the prime criteria, as it would be two or three years later, when entire ethnic groups would be deported (among them, all Soviet Germans). ++++ 4. WITNESSES The main characteristic of the mass operations was their absolute secrecy: no more than a hundred high party and NKVD officials received a copy of the NKVD secret operational orders; all the other executants were given oral instructions on how to proceed with the operation. The dvoiki and troiki sat behind closed doors, in the absence of the accused and without any defender. The obsession with secrecy went so far as not to inform the condemned person - nor his relatives - of the death sentence passed on him. The instructions issued on August 14, 1937 to the NKVD regional chiefs, emphasized the need "to ensure that there is absolute secrecy concerning time, place and method of execution. Immediately on receipt of this order you are to present a list of NKVD staff permitted to participate in executions. Red Army soldiers or ordinary policemen are not to be employed. All persons involved in the work of transporting the bodies and excavating or filling in the pits have to sign a document certifying that they are sworn to secrecy" (McLoughlin, 2003). Nevertheless, some NKVD chiefs not only infringed these regulations, but invited colleagues to attend the "wedding" – a coded expression, in NKVD circles, to designate executions. Except for those who were forced to testify during the limited purges of the NKVD apparatus after the end of the Great Terror (it goes without saying that these testimonies should be subjected to strong historical criticism), very few witnesses, such as people living in the neighborhood of the NKVD "shooting ranges" for example, left testimonies on this secret mass crime. 5. MEMORIES The mass operations of 1937-1938 remained secret for over half a century, until the beginning of the 1990s. Two and a half years after the end of the Great Terror, Soviet society was confronted with the Nazi invasion. The murderous cataclysm of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) in the course of which over 20 million Soviet citizens were killed and the collective sufferings of a whole nation at war deeply buried the secret, unspeakable and thus strictly individual memory of the arrest and disapearance of beloved and relatives during the Great Terror. Only a handful of prisoners, sentenced in 1937-1938 to a ten-year sentence were released in 1947-1948. Most of those who had survived the terrible war years in the Gulag (the mortality rates were as high as 20% in 1942 and 1943) were given a second ten-year term. Only after the death of Stalin did hope return for the relatives of the repressed. In 1954-1956, special commissions were set up in order to "review the cases of individuals condemned for counter-revolutionary crimes and serving their sentence in camps or labour settlements". Approximately 450,000 political prisoners were released, but no more than 4% of them were duly rehabilitated. Among those released, how many were survivors of the 1937-1938 Great Terror"? Less than 100,000 out of the 750,000 ascribed to the "second category". The return of the survivors brought about a stream of letters sent to the Procuracy or the KGB (State Security) by relatives of those who had vanished since 1937-1938. The question of what they should be answered was discussed at the highest level of the Party and the State Security. On August 24, 1955, Ivan Serov, the newly appointed Chief of the KGB, directed, in a secret instruction to the State Security staff, "not to inform the relatives of persons sentenced to the death penalty of the sentence (…) and tell them that the condemned was sentenced to a ten-year term in camp and had died at a date which will be arbitrarily fixed in the lapse of time between 1937-1938 and 1947-1948" (Artizov et al., 2000). The Procuracy and the KGB slowed down all the demands of revision. Less than 8% of the demands were examined in 1957; 6% in 1958 and under 5% during the following years. The few rehabilitated persons – approximately five to ten thousand per year in the late 1950s and early 1960s – received neither moral, nor material compensation for all the time they had spent in camps (except a two-month wage calculated on the basis of their last salary before arrest, the latter being assimilated to a "breach of work contract"). Not a single NKVD torturer who had extracted false confessions from the victims was handed over to justice. After Khruschev’s fall, in October 1964, the rehabilitation process came to a complete stop for nearly twenty years. The memory of the Great Terror survived only in the private sphere. Only with the perestroika launched by Mikhail Gorbatchev in 1986 did the tragic events of 1937-1938 begin to re-emerge in the public sphere. In september 1987, Mikhail Gorbatchev set up a special commission in charge of inquiring into the "mass crimes committed by the Stalinist regime" (Artizov et al., 2003). Considering the growing flood of rehabilitation demands which threatened to engulf the whole judicial apparatus (since the beginning of the perestroika, over 100,000 demands of rehabilitation had arrived at the Procuracy), the commission proposed, in September 1988, a general rehabilitation of every Soviet citizen who had been condemned by the infamous troїki, dvoїki or by any other extra-judicial authority appointed by Stalin and his team. On January 16, 1989, a law abolished all the sentences delivered by special juridictions under the Stalinist regime. However, the archives related to the political mechanisms of the repression remained closed for historians and members of civic rights associations, such as Memorial. Only after the fall of the Soviet regime, in December 1991, were they allowed to conduct archival research on the mass repressive campaigns of the Staline era and on the Great Terror in particular. Thus, a team of historians from Memorial discovered, in June 1992, the secret Stalin instructions on the launching of the mass operations and the NKVD operational orders of 1937-1938. The testimony of a NKVD official put these historians on the track of the Butovo "shooting range". Excavations carried out in 1997 established, sixty years after the Great Terror, that it was a place of mass burials, and probably of mass executions, too (although medical experts were uncertain whether "the corpses were thrown into the graves immediately after their death, or from eight to ten hours after") (Golovkova, 1999). At the same time, Memorial historians and activists decided to start a meticulous process of establishing, in local and central State Security archives, an exhaustive list of the victims of the Stalinist repressions, and of the Great Terror of 1937-1938. Since the mid-1990s, several hundred "memorial books" (knigi pamiati) have been published. These books list standard biographic data concerning the victims (birth date and place, profession, nationality, place of residence). They often also provide information concerning social origin, education, Party membership, previous convictions as well as the date of arrest, sentencing (including the article of the criminal code, the sentence itself and the sentencing body) and execution. A drawback of these books is that they almost never include those convicted as ordinary criminals (which they were not). Many of the memorial books also include extensive valuable documentary materials from local and central KGB archives, as well as autobiographical memoirs from survivors. A complete collection of these memorial books can be found in the library of the Moscow branch of Memorial (the website www.memo.ru has an extensive list of these knigi pamiati). ++++ 6. GENERAL AND LEGAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE FACTS Long before the opening of the Soviet archives, the Great Terror had provoked a number of debates about the amplitude, the mechanisms, the reasons and the purpose of these mass purges. In the 1950s American scholars proposed a structural explanation of the Great Terror: as a totalitarian system Stalin’s regime had to maintain its citizens in a state of fear and uncertainty, and recurrent random purging provided the mechanism (Brzezinski, 1958). At the end of the 1960s, Robert Conquest published the first detailed account, which was to become a classic reference, on the Great Terror (Conquest, 1968). This work emphasized Stalin’s paranoia, focused on the Moscow show trial of “Old Bolsheviks”, and analyzed the carefully planned and systematic destruction of the Leninist party leadership as the first step toward terrorizing the entire population. In the mid 1980s, John Arch Getty, an american historian of the revisionist school contested Conquest’s interpretation, arguing that the exceptional scale of the purges was the result of strong tensions between Stalin and regional Party bosses who, in order to deflect the terror that was being directed at them, had found innumerable scapegoats on which to carry out repressions, demonstrating in this way their vigilance and intransigence in the struggle against the common enemy. Thus, far from being a planned and long-term project revealing the growing paranoia of an all-mighty dictator, the Great Terror turned out to be a “flight into chaos” (Getty, 1985). In spite of their fundamentally different approach, historians of both schools focused on party purges, repression of real or imagined “oppositionists”, show trials of party leaders, elimination and replacement of political, intellectual, economic or military elites, and struggle between the center and regional party cliques. Neither of them studied, mainly because of the scarcity of information on the subject, the mechanisms, organization, implementation of mass arrests and mass executions, or the sociology of the victims, who represented a much wider group than party elites or intelligentsia. Thus, the Great Terror of 1937-1938 in the Soviet Union solidified in popular and academic memory as Stalin’s attack on political and social elites, as the “Great Purges”. This has been fundamentally challenged since the opening of the soviet archives, the discovery of the NKVD operational orders and other top-secret Politburo documents. Scholars now insist on the hidden side of the Great Terror, interpreting it as a crucial moment – or rather the culmination – of a vast social engineering campaign started at the beginning of the 1930s (Hagenloh, 2000; Shearer, 2003; Werth, 2003). In the light of recent research, the qualification of “Great Purges” seems incorrect to characterize this murderous outburst of violence. The extreme diversity of the victims makes difficult any legal qualification of this crime, which appears to be in a class of its own: 800,000 people executed in secret (over half of them under Order n° 00447) by means of a bullet in the back of the head after a pretence of justice; this over a period of sixteen months, at a rate of 50,000 executions per month or 1,700 per day for nearly 500 days. Let us therefore content ourselves with a “minimalist” classification: the Great Terror was one of the worst and largest mass crimes carried out by the Stalinist State against one per cent of its adult population. ++++ 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY A - Books ARTIZOV, Andrei, SIGACHEV, Iouri, et al. (eds.), 2000, Reabilitatsia: kak eto bylo. Dokumenty Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, mart 1953-fevral’ 1956 (Rehabilitation: as it happened. Documents of the Praesidium of the CC of the CPSU, March 1953 – February 1956), Moscow: Mejdunarodnyi Fond Demokratia. ARTIZOV, Andrei, SIGATCHEV, Iouri, et al. (eds.), 2003, Reabilitatsia: kak eto bylo. Dokumenty Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, fevral’ 1956- nacalo 1980-x godov (Rehabilitation: as it happened. Documents of the Praesidium of the CC of the CPSU, February1956 – beginning of the 1980’s), Moscow: Mejdunarodnyi Fond Demokratia. BELKOVETS, Lidia, 1995, Bolshoi Terror i sud’by nemetskoi derevni v Sibiri (The Great Terror and the Fate of German Settlements in Siberia), Moscow: Zvenia. BRZEZINSKI, Zbigniew, 1958, The Permanent Purge, Cambridge (Mass): Cambridge University Press. CONQUEST, Robert, 1968, The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties, New York: MacMillan DANILOV, Viktor Petrovitch, MANNING, Roberta, VIOLA, Lynne (eds.), 2001, Tragedia sovetskoi derevni. Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomax, 1927-1939 (The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside: Documents in 5 volumes, 1927-1939), vol.3, Moscow: ROSSPEN. DANILOV, Viktor Petrovitch, MANNING, Roberta, VIOLA, Lynne (eds.), 2006, Tragedia sovetskoi derevni. Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomax, 1927-1939 (The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside: Documents in 5 volumes, 1927-1939), vol.5, 1/2, Moscow: ROSSPEN. GERMAN, Andrei, 1996, Istoria Respubliki Nemtsev Povoljia (History of the Volga German Republic), Moscow: Zvenia. GETTY, John Arch, 1985, Origins of the Great Purges: the Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. GOLOVKOVA, Lidia (ed.), 1997-2004, Butovskii Poligon. 1937-1938: Kniga pamiati jertv politiceskix repressij (Butovo’s Shooting Range, 1937-1938: Book of memory of the victims of political repression), vol.1-8, Moscow: Alzo. JANSEN, Marc and PETROV, Nikita, 2002, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. KHANEVITCH, Viktor, 1998, Iz istorii zemli tomskoi: 1937 Sibirskii Belostok (From the History of Tomsk Region: The Siberian Belostok), Tomsk: Zvenia. KUROMIYA, Hiroaki, 2007, The Voices of the Dead: Stalin’s Great Terror in the 1930’s, New Haven, London: Yale University Press. MCLOUGHLIN, Barry and MCDERMOTT, kevin (eds.), 2003, Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. MARTIN, Terry, 2001, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press. VATLIN, Aleksandr, 2004, Terror rajonnogo maschtaba: ‘massovye operatsii’ NKVD v Kuntsevskom rajone Moskovskoj oblasti 1937-1938 (The Terror on a District Level: ‘mass operations’ of the NKVD in the district of Kuntsevo of the Moscow region in 1937-1938), Moscow: ROSSPEN. WERTH, Nicolas, 2007, La terreur et le désarroi. Staline et son système, Paris: Perrin. WERTH, Nicolas, 2009, L’ivrogne et la marchande de fleurs. Autopsie d’un meurtre de masse, 1937-1938, Paris: Tallandier. B - Articles HAGENLOH, Paul, «Socially Harmful Elements and the Great Terror», in FITZPATRICK, Sheila (ed.), 2000, Stalinism: New Directions , London & New York: Routledge, pp. 286-307. KHLEVNIUK, Oleg, «The Reasons for the Great Terror: the Foreign-Political Aspect», in PONS, Silvio, and ROMANO, Andrea (eds.), 2000, Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914-1945 , Roma: Annali, pp. 159-173. MARTIN, Terry, 1998, «The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing», Journal of Modern History , 70: 4, pp. 813-861. OKHOTIN, Nikita, and ROGINSKII, Arsenii, «Iz istorii ‘nemetskoi operatsii’ NKVD 1937-1938» (History of the ‘German Operation’ of the NKVD, 1937-1938), in SCHERBAKOVA, Irina (ed.), 1999, Nakazannyi Narod (The Punished People), Moscow: Zvenia, pp. 35-74. PETROV, Nikita, and ROGINSKII, Arsenii, «The ‘Polish Operation’ of the NKVD, 1937-1938», in MCLOUGHLIN, Barry, MCDERMOTT, Kevin (eds.), 2003, Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 153-172. SHEARER, David, «Social Disorder, Mass Repression and the NKVD During the 1930’s», in MCLOUGHLIN, Barry, and MCDERMOTT, Kevin (eds.), 2003, Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 85-117. WERTH, Nicolas, «The Mechanism of a Mass Crime: The Great Terror in the Soviet Union, 1937-1938», in GELLATELY, Robert, and KIERNAN, Ben (eds.), 2003, The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective , Cambridge (Mass): Cambridge University Press, pp. 215-241. WERTH, Nicolas, 2006, «Les ‘opérations de masse’ de la ‘Grande Terreur’ en URSS, 1937-1938», Bulletin de l’IHTP , 86: 6-167. C - Website Website of the Memorial Society: https://www.memo.ru/en-us/ Cite this item Werth Nicolas, The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938), Mass Violence & Résistance, [online], published on: 20 May, 2010, accessed 17/05/2021, http://bo-k2s.sciences-po.fr/.../nkvd-mass-secret..., ISSN 1961-9898